Educational Research Methods Essay

1. What is the general purpose of a human subjects review? The general purpose of the human subjects review panel is to ensure that the rights, interests and the welfare of the human subjects are maintained during clinical research, and the clinical trials is conducted in an ethical manner compliant with standards established.   The review panel has the authority approve, amend or even reject any human research.   During the entire process of the clinical research, the review panel would be studying the manner in which the research is being conducted, and ensuring that the guidelines are stuck to.   Several regulatory authorities would be ensuring that the review board monitors the research being conducted on human subjects. The review board would be approving the research protocol outline and would also be creating the informed consent form.   During the meeting of the review board, the protocol would be studied, and accordingly it would be approved, disapproved or modified.   The review board would have to ensure that during any clinical trial, the risks to the human subjects are minimal, and certain benefits could be anticipated.   The benefits gained from the trial should be maximal and the risks involved should be minimal.   It would also look into other ethical issues such as confidentiality, informed consent and deceptive practices (USAF, 1999 & St. Edwards University, 2006). 2. What kinds of people within your organization would you ask to be on the review panel? Explain your reasons for choosing each person? The human subject research board is usually composed of a minimum of five members.   They should be professionally competent to examine research proposals and give consent for them on human subjects.   The members of the review board should be professionally qualified and should have sufficient experience so as to make appropriate decisions with regards to the human subjects.   The members of the board should belong to various backgrounds and should be familiar of the issues that exist in the community research is being conducted in.   The members of the board are usually elected for about 2 years.   Men and women should be a part of the board, so that female issues could also be appropriately addressed.   At least one member of the board should belong to a non-scientific background, and one member should belong to a scientific background (Monmouth, 2007 & St. Edwards University, 2006). 3. Give examples of projects within your organization that may require careful review before they are approved and of those that may be exempt from human studies review requirements. The institutional review board (IRB) of my organization would be examining any clinical research project that requires the use of human subjects, and in which some amount of risk exists.   The main aim of the IRB would be to assess the amount of risk that exists and also ensure that the trial is being conducted in an appropriate manner so that the risk is minimal.   Choosing the subjects should also be done in an equitable manner, and the IRB would be studying this.   The IRB would also be examining the provision of monetary and non-monetary incentives to the subjects who are a part of the clinical trial (HHS, 2005 & USAF, 1999). Some of the programs in which approval of the board is not required includes evaluations conducted by the student and teachers (for educational purposes), evaluation of the research program, marketing research, employee evaluations, certain educational tests, diagnostic tests, interview or survey procedures, compilation of existing data, etc (The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 2007)

Bruh Want and Free Rider Essay

Bruh Want and Free Rider Essay Bruh: Want and Free Rider Essay Majority of the time in a group project or work place there is at least one person in the group that, slacks off and barely does anything however he/she gets credit for the work. He/she gets away with doing nothing because either his team does not say anything or the manager just allows it to slide. From this case the manager the manager plays a role as Freddie’s enabler. What the manager needs to do in the work place is simply motivate the workers including the free-riders to actually want to do their job. And lastly she needs to show him who the boss is, and he is easily replaceable. The manager has spoken to him. Provided suggestions and tried to live by an example she says, however she hasn’t made any changes to ignite his interest. 1. If you notice the free-riders just gliding through life, make the tasks have meaning. I know in my generation, especially me, if I am not interested in something IS simply clock out and the care is gone. However when I see that the task is very important, I work my best to accomplish the task. 2. Bring the other members accomplishments in light. In this case Freddie slightly knows he’s a free riders; however sometimes free riders have no clue that they are slacking in the work place. The manager needs to be able to sit and compare/contrast Freddies work with his peers. Through this he will see the little he actually does. 3. Provide the workers including the free rider with responsibilities Giving people a leadership role, goes back to the 1st bullet. It gives the worker something to actually care about, and in addition the workers had to bring their own individual work 5. Establish a relationship with the free rider and simply ask them for advice. The manager needs

Recording of Music on CDs Essays

Recording of Music on CDs Essays Recording of Music on CDs Essay Recording of Music on CDs Essay In the early 1980s when CDs were first introduced, there were required to hold data (e.g. computer software, music etc) in a digital format! What do we all want in a CD? Well for the example we would use a music CD. The main aim would be to create a recording with very high fidelity which means the similarity between the original signal and the reproduced signal. The reproduction of sound which no matter how many times a track is played would still be the same quality as you first played it! In this report, it will show you how analogue and digital technology work with CDs. Analogue Just out of general interest, the word Analogue comes from two Greek words meaning word for word. An example of how another analogue device works is a clock. The hands of the clock make a complete circuit in a minute or in an hour or in half a day, depending on which hand it is. The hands would continually go around just as the Earth turns completely around on its axis in a day. Analogue recordings draw an impression of sound waves in the scribble channel in vinyl records or as variations of magnetic energy in cassette tape. The vinyl records and tape store these pictures of the sound patterns and allow them to be played back over and over again. Figure 1.1 shows a typical analogue cassette tape. There are some problems with this system that I will just highlight: * The information gets mixed up with the errors of the medium. A clock hand that does not keep up with the other hands gives inaccurate information. * Dust in a record groove causes sounds not meant to be there. * Tape imperfections cause hiss that was not part of the original sound. * Fidelity If you have music and play it over and over again on an analogue format then the sound would not be that of the original. In other words the quality of the sound would gradually deteriorate. The graph (Figure 1.0) shows what an analogue signal would look like scratching onto the tin cylinder can! The machine which records it is called Edisons phonograph. Instead of noting it down on a cylinder can, we can do it electronically! You can see an example of this on Figure 1.2 below. The graph is showing the position of the microphone diaphragm (Y axis) over time (X axis). The diaphragm is vibrating on the order of 1,000 oscillations per second. You can see that the vibrations that are noting down the sound are working very quickly! Even saying a hard like hello has a particular tone! The graph is showing it going up and down which resulted 500-hertz (500 oscillations per second) wave. Digital Data The word digital in Latin means digitus or finger, because everyone from an early age learns to count on his/her fingers. We have ten fingers, so with us humans, the common numbering system is to the base 10 (0 to 9). For computers, they use 0 and 1 because they dont have fingers! Usually 0 is off and 1 is on. This is what we call the binary system. With digital recordings, the computer uses the binary coding system to decode and encode. An example: How does it work? We can take a painting for example, if oil was spilled on the painting it is complex to restore what was there before because the oil has become part of the painting. However if someone recorded the painting with a paint-by-number scheme in great detail, the oil wouldnt matter there no numbers assigned to the oil! The artist could redraw the painting by following the number codes exactly. Only this time the oil spillage wouldnt be there! Identical copies can be made from here. Digital data works exactly like this which is why it can reproduce what it had originally just by using numbers. Digital recordings can that avoids the disadvantages that analogue get. It does not try to draw the information that is being saved. As an alternative, it converts the information into a mathematical code that ignores the flaws of whatever medium (The carrier between a source of information and its intended audience!) is storing the data. Figure 1.3 shows what a CD looks like: Converting Data To make output of sound better quality and efficient, we would have to convert an analogue sound into digital before it is outputted! How is this done might you ask? Well digital recording converts the analogue wave into a stream of numbers and records the numbers instead of the wave which we saw on the graph diagrams figures 1.1 and 1.2. The conversion is done by a device called an analogue to-digital converter (ADC). To play back the music, the stream of numbers is converted back to an analogue waves by a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC). The analogue wave produced by the DAC is put through an amplifier which produces the sound out through speakers. The sound of a CD would be of the same every time you play it unless for example the numbers that are being converted is corrupted. The analogue wave produced by the DAC will be the same or near enough original analogue waves if the ADC produces accurate numbers and it is sampled at a high rate. Compact Disk (CD) When CDs sampling rate and precision is working, it produces a lot of data. On a CD, the digital numbers produced by the ADC are stored as bytes! Just for fact, it takes just two bytes to represent 65,536 gradations. A CD can store up to 74 minutes of music. Therefore the total amount of digital data that must be stored on a CD is! How is this worked out is what you are thinking? Well the equation for this is by: 44,100 samples/ (channel*second) * 2 bytes/sample * 2 channels * 74 minutes * 60 seconds/minute = 783,216,000 bytes The CD player The CD player has the job of finding and reading the data stored as bumps on the CD. Considering how small the bumps are, the CD player is very precise when scanning the bumps! A laser and a lens system focus in on and read the bumps. A tracking mechanism moves the laser assembly so that the lasers beam can follow the spiral track which can move up and down the CD. Below on Figure 1.4 shows what is inside of a CD player. Some of the components are labelled so it is easier to distinguish what is what! Regeneration of analogue signals in the CD player Inside the CD player there is a DAC. Inside of the DAC, there is a clock that regenerates the digital data stream of the CD-player. Regeneration is done by something called Phase Locked Loop (PLL) which is located in the input receiver. However in this DAC design an additional PLL is applied between the input receiver and the DA converters. A disadvantage is the PLL has a very slow tracking of frequency changes but it is acceptable because the data stream is generated with very stable X-tal oscillator inside the CD-player. The PLL exists of a Voltage Controlled X-tal Oscillator (VCXO) which is compared with the regenerated clock from the input receiver. This error signal, filtered with a low pass filter with a very low bandwidth (far below the audio range), controls the VCXO. However, the unfiltered error signal is available as an output. We called this output PLL sound. With an ideal CD-player and ideal PLL this signal should be a constant voltage. However after measurement and listening we would know better. At the output a very small signal is present with noise and signal that is some how parallel with the analogue music signal. By connecting an amplifier with high gain to this output, differences between different players could be detected. It is even possible to determine differences between the original CD and several CD-ROM copies (the brand as well as writing speed). There is a link between the sound quality of the CD-player (used as data source only for the DAC) and the signal at the PLL sound output. This feature makes it possible for the DAC owner to listen to the quality of the CD-player and possibly to improve it. The PLL sound output is something like a subjective clock spectrum analyser. Conclusion Over the years, technology has moved very rapidly especially with the recording of music as a digital signal on a CD and the way analogue signal is regenerated on a CD player. Today most would listen to a digital form of music but the processes still involve analogue signals along the way! Here we have showed that although just playing a CD could be as easy as pressing the Play button, the logic and processes are somewhat unknown to many! At the end of the day these advances would only make listening to music more enjoyable for people.

Management 2 (protective security) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management 2 (protective security) - Essay Example Efficiency has been defined as measure of productivity or operational excellence concerned with operational margins improvement and cost minimization. Effectiveness on the other hand is associated with the business’s ability to identify and embrace opportunities of business via exchange relationships. As a result effectiveness is concerned with a company’s plan to develop a growth that is sustainable within its market (Stefanos, 2007). My organization has invested heavily and made tremendous efforts in balancing these two critical aspects of operations management all in an effort to increase the market share and maintain competitive advantage. The objectives of my organization are essentially to increase the market share and decrease the overall costs of running the organization. The target is to increase our market share from the current 15% to 20% within a period of two years. Another target is to introduce certain changes within the organization such that the overall costs would reduce by 5% within a period of one year. These changes include reducing field managers by 50% and employ more Close protection officers with advanced qualification. The organization had an objective of increasing its market share. The company embarked on a market wide research effort to identify client needs that were not being met. The organization realized that many business entities with huge capital bases required specialized protection service from the protective security firms. This service required CPO’s with a special kind of skill set which many security companies lacked. This created a need for the company to hire more CPO’s with the necessary skill set resulting in increased operational cost. After a thorough cost and benefits analysis, the company decided it would be more profitable to hire five specialized CPO’s to meet this need while at

Detection of Attacks Executed by Multiple Users Dissertation

Detection of Attacks Executed by Multiple Users - Dissertation Example Some of these mass-users attacks are triggered by the big companies and manipulation of online items reputation can be hazardous for the customers. As a rule, well-known products are chosen for this type of attacks. For example, Amazon books, some hotels in travel sites, and a great number of digital content can be a fertile ground for mass-users attacks. Not only these vicious and hazardous attacks can be the greatest challenge of the electronic life, but still Netizens and other computer world dwellers are intimidated by mass-users attacks. Under conditions of this type of attacks, fraudulent users implement their well planned strategies and manipulate reputation of numerous target products. To consider these attacks and the ways of dealing with them, it is possible to apply a defense scheme that (1) develops heterogeneous thresholds for developing protection against suspicious products and (2) analyzes focus items on the basis of correlation analysis among suspicious items. Real u ser data and simulation data should be correlated and on the basis of such kind of correlation it is relevant to identify potential mass-user attackers. The given scheme shows the main advantages in finding out fraudulent users, recovering challenging errors in the systems, and reducing attacks related to normal products, sites etc. Â   The problem of attacks executed by multiple users is a complicated task and the modern researches are working in the name of these fraudulent groups identification. The main task of the modern researchers in this field is to apply advanced artificial intelligence and complex adaptive systems to stop, foresee and prevent distributed attacks of the network. Multiple attackers work together and very often it is difficult to foresee and prevent this type of an attack. Data Reduction Techniques is one of the most convenient means of preventing this type of attacks. IDS approaches are nowadays limited in a proper identification of relevant information in high-speed network data streams. The appropriate analysis of IDS enables taking control over such type of attacks. There is a need to conduct a dynamic and real-time control over current attacks. Relevant information can be processed and it can serve as an input vector to IDS. There is another challenge, which is a great variety of activity and processes occurring in the network environment to identify a subset of data that is very difficult for analysis. There is a suggestion to design an anomaly detection scheme for prevention of mass online attacks. This underlying scheme is based on several components integration: first is the importance of time-domain change detection, the second step is the importance of system-level visualization, the third are the selection of heterogeneous threshold and a conduct of a proper correlation analysis. Therefore, we can claim that for prevention and protecting computer systems from mass-users attacks it is necessary to pay attention to the new ph ilosophy. Currently existent schemes of attack prevention and protection are mainly based on homogenous correlation of items and the proposed scheme provides a much better performance in the process of malicious users' detection and reducing impacts on normal issues. Due to a wide range of activities and processes, the identification of fraud in a network environme

Linguistic Data Collection with Critical Commentary Essay

Linguistic Data Collection with Critical Commentary - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is linguistics, the study of the structure and nature of a language. Traditionally, it encompasses syntax, phonology and semantics. Synchronic study of linguistics aims at describing a language as it appears at the time. Diachronic studies describe a language in its historical development. The philosophers from Greek brought a debate on the origin of language. They were the first in the Western countries to get concern about the theory of linguistic. Thrax Dionysus wrote the first Greek grammar during the first century Before Christ. It was a roman grammar model that led to Renaissance and medieval vernacular grammars. The rise of linguistics historically in the 19th century enabled it to become a science. During early 20th and late 19th centuries, a linguistic structuralist school was set up by Ferdinand de sausure. It allowed analysis of actual speech and learning about the basis and structure of a language. Noam chosky argued in 1950s that, struc turalist program must study native speakers’ competence and not the performance. His approach to linguistic is referred to as transformational generative grammar was revised severally in the recent period to become an extended theory. It is also important to look at discourse markers since they will help in the deeper understanding of the information distinguishing between the right and false information regarding the organization. The paper will examine phonetic transcription whereby real words from the interviewee will give a clear distinction between the previous and the current perception of the Freemasonry. It helps to give clear pronunciation of words by the speaker in order to be understood better. The following lines give the aspect of discourse, 01.15 01:0049 interviewee statements. Data Collecting Techniques There are different methods of collecting data in linguistics. They include participant-observation, interviews, introspection, written data and questionnaires. In the participant-observer, the researcher must be one of the native speakers of the language to apply this method of data collecting (Kontra, 2004). The method can be applicable to this research but, it cannot allow room for acquiring all the required information. Introspection is a method of data co

Dalit literature Essay Example for Free

Dalit literature Essay Chaucer and the Elizabethan Age The Neo Classical Age The Romantic and the Victorian Ages Twentieth Century Theory and practice of Translation 4 4 4 Max. Marks Uni. CIA Exam. 25 75 25 75 25 75 6 6 30 4 3 19 25 25 125 75 75 375 100 100 500 Ins. Hrs/ Week 6 6 6 Credit Total 100 100 100 I Year II Semester MAIN Paper-5 MAIN Paper-6 MAIN Paper-7 MAIN Paper-8 COMPULSORY PAPER ELECTIVE Paper-2 English Language and Linguistics Indian Literature in English Shakespeare American Literature Human Rights New Literatures English 6 5 6 5 2 6 30 5 5 5 5 2 3 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 150 75 75 75 75 75 75 450 100 100 100 100 100. 100 600 II year III Semester MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN Paper-9 Paper-10 Paper-11 Paper-12 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 ELECTIVE Paper-3 Commonwealth Literature Literary Theory and Criticism I English Language Teaching Literature, Analysis, Approaches and Applications Film Reviews and Presentation 6 30 3 23 25 125 75 375 100 500 MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN ELECTIVE Paper-13 Paper-14 Paper-15 Paper-16 Paper-4 (or) Project 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 3 25 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 30 23 125 375 500 II Year IV Semester Literary Theory and Criticism II Soft Skills, Literature and Movies. World Classics in Translation Women’s Writing in English Anatomy of Literature Total 1 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Papers Credit Total Credits Marks Total marks MAIN 16 4-5 76 100 1600 ELECTIVE 4 3 12 100 400 COMPULSORY PAPER 1 2 2 100 100 21 90 2100 Subject Total 2 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY M. A. ENGLISH SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS (with effect from 2012-2013) SEMESTER I PAPER 1 CHAUCER AND THE ELIZABETHAN AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to early English literature with special reference to transition from middle English to the Elizabethan ethos. 2. introduced to the earliest English writers through representative texts 3. to gain a deeper knowledge of the writers and their works UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales : The Knight, The Prioress, The Wife of Bath and the Doctor of Physic. 2. John Donne : 1) The Canonization 2) Valediction Forbidding Mourning 3) Go and Catch a Falling Star UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Edmund Spenser : Prothalamion 2. Wyatt and Surrey : As Sonneteers 3. Ballads 3 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Bacon : Of Truth, Of Adversity, Of Parents and Children, Of Ambition 2. The Gospel according to St. Mark (MacMillan Annotated Classics) 3. Thomas More : The Utopia UNIT-IV : DRAMA Webster :The Duchess of Malfi UNIT-V : DRAMA Ben Jonson : The Alchemist 4 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 2 THE NEO CLASSICAL AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the shift to the Classical tradition in literary and political terms 2. to appreciate the tremendous changes in literary forms 3. trained to analyze the trends in literary expression of the period UNIT-I : POETRY Milton (1608 1674) : Paradise Lost Book IX UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Andrew Marvell (1621 1678) : To His Coy Mistress 2. John Dryden (1631 1695) : Absalom and Achitophel 3. Pope (1688 1744) : The Essay On Man : Epistle II (II. 1 92) (â€Å"Know then thyself†¦. Our greatest evil or great good†) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Addison and Steele : The Coverley Papers : Sir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes 2. Milton : Areopagitica 3. Swift : The Battle of the Books 5 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. John Dryden : All for Love 2. Richard Sheridan : The Rivals UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Daniel Defoe (1660 1731) : Robinson Crusoe 2. Swift (1667 1745) : Gulliver’s Travels 6 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 3 THE ROMANTIC AND THE VICTORIAN AGES Objectives Students are : 1. to appreciate the influence of ever changing trends brought about by social and scientific developments 2. to analyze diverse literary devices of these periods 3. to comprehend and analyze the dialectic between Neo Classicism and Romanticism 4. to gain indepth understanding of major writers of the 19th century UNIT-I: POETRY 1. Wordsworth : Tintern Abbey 2. Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 3. Shelley : Ode to a Skylark 4. Keats : Ode on a Grecian Urn 5. Tennyson : Ulysses UNIT-II: POETRY 1. Browning : My Last Duchess 2. Blake : Night 3. D. G. Rossetti Infant Sorrow : Blessed Damozel 4. Arnold : The Scholar Gypsy Ref: Victorian poets, ed. V. S. Seturaman, Macmillan Annotated Classics 7 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Charles Lamb : From Essays of Elia: Dissertation on a Roast Pig : Poor Relations 2. Arnold : From Culture and Anarchy: Sweetness and Light 3. Thomas Carlyle : On Shakespeare (from Victorian Prose ed. V. S. Sethuraman) UNIT-IV: DRAMA Oscar Wilde : Lady Windermere’s Fan UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Jane Austen : Emma 2. Dickens : Pickwick Papers 3. Charlotte Bronte : Jane Eyre 4. Walter Scott: Ivanhoe 8 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 4 TWENTIETH CENTURY Objectives Students are : 1. trained to acquire a working understanding of the war years and their literary consequences 2. exposed to dominant literary traditions and authors of the 20th Century 3. to analytically appreciate various emerging literary trends and forms 4. introduced to futuristic thinking through a classic science fiction novel UNIT-I : POETRY 1. W. B . Yeats 2. T. S Eliot 3. Wilfred Owen : Easter 1916 : Sailing to Byzantium : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock : Strange Meeting UNIT-II : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Hopkins. Seamus Heaney Thom Gunn Stephen Spender : Wreck of the Deutschland : The Tollund Man : On the Move : I think continually of those who are truly great. UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Orwell 2. D. H. Lawrence 3. C. P. Snow : Politics and the English Language : Why the Novel Matters : Two Cultures UNIT-IV: DRAMA 1. Beckett 2. T. S. Eliot : Waiting For Godot : The Family Reunion 9 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Virginia Woolf : Mrs. Dalloway 2. D. H. Lawrence : Sons and Lovers 3. Arthur C. Clarke : Childhood’s End 10 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 1 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION Objectives Students are trained : 1. to gain a working knowledge of the origin and development of translation 2. in the various theories and techniques of translation 3. to be able to translate literary and non-literary texts from English into an Indian language and vice-versa UNIT-I : History of Translation Origin and development of translation in the West Origin and development of translation in the Indian context UNIT-II : Theories of Translation Catford Nida Newmark UNIT-III : Translation of Literary Aesthetic Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Religious Texts in India. Translation of Poetry Translation of Fiction Translation of Plays UNIT-IV : Translation of Scientific Technical Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Scientific Texts Translation of Social Sciences Texts Translation of Official Circulars, Agenda, Minutes Translation of Commercial, Financial documents and Legal texts 11 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V : New trends Assessment of Translation Computer aided Translation Reference Susan Bassnett McGuire, Translation Studies J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation E. A. Nida, Towards a Science of Translation (1964) E. A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (1974) Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation (1981) A. Duff, The Third Language (1961) Ayyappa Panicker, ed. Indian Literature (1995) 12 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) II SEMESTER PAPER 5 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Objectives Students are exposed to : 1. the evolution of the English language at a deeper level, updating what has been learnt at the UG level 2. the intricacies of articulating English sounds, enabling them to speak better 3. levels of linguistic analyses, preparing them to become effective teachers UNIT-I : THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Descent of English language; Old English Period; Middle English; Renaissance After; Growth of Vocabulary; Change of Meaning; Evolution of Standard English. Recommended Reading: F. T Wood An Outline History of English Language UNIT-II : PHONOLOGY Cardinal Vowels, English Vowels, Diphthongs and Consonants, Transcription, Syllable UNIT-III : PHONOLOGY Received Pronunciation and the need for a model, Accent, Rhythm and Intonation, Assimilation, Elision, Liaison and Juncture. Recommended Reading T. Balasubramanian A Textbook of English Phonetics for Indian Students (Chapter 3-17) 13 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Morphology, Sentences and their parts, words, phrases and clauses, phrases, Semantics, Pragmatics Discourse Analysis Recommended Reading Geroge Yule The Study of Language (Chapters 8-13) (Second Edition Cambridge University Press, 1996) Quirk Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English UNIT-V : SOCIOLINGUISTICS Language varieties; language, society and culture. Recommended Reading George Yule The Study of Language (Chapter 20 21) Second Ed. CUP, 1996) Verma and Krishnaswamy Modern Linguistics (Units 42 – 45). 14 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 6 INDIAN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to a wider range of works in Indian Literature in English 2. exposed to a balanced textual study of established and contemporary writers 3. enabled to acquire a holistic perception of Indian Literature in English in preparation for a teaching or research career UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Aurobindo : Thought the Paraclete 2. Nissim Ezekiel : Poet, Lover, Bird Watcher 3. A. K. Ramanujan : Anxiety (from selected poems OUP, 1995,p. 29, pp. 124-25) 4. Arun Kolatkar : From Jeiury 1. The Bus 2. A Scratch 5. Rabindranath Tagore : Gitanjali UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Daruwalla : Hawk (from The Anthgology of Twelve. Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehotra, OUP (1992) 2. Sujatha Bhat : The Star (from Monkey Shadows, Penguin India, 1993 pp 13-15) 3. Mamta Kalia : Tribute to Papa (from Nine Indian Women 15 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Poets ed. Eunice D’Souza, OUP, 1997, pp. 2021) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Nehru : Discovery of India (Ch. 2 and 3) 2. B. R. Ambedkar : Extracts 4,5 and 6 (from Annihilation of Caste Ed. Mulk Raj Anand. Delhi: Arnold Publishers, 1990, pp. 47-54) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Karnad : Nagamandala 2. Mahashweta Devi : Rudali (Calcutta: Seagull, 1999) UNIT-V : FICTION 1. R. K. Narayan : The English Teacher 2. Chetan Bhaghat : One Night @ the Call Centre 16 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 7 SHAKESPEARE Objectives Students are : 1. enabled to establish Shakespeare’s contribution to development of English literature and language. 2. to gain knowledge and understanding necessary to explain his dramatic skills 3. to identify and explain meaning-making and communicative strategies in the prescribed plays 4. oriented to a concrete understanding of his ‘universality’ which in this context means his ability to communicate to a far wider spectrum of people 5. prompted to recognise and appreciate his skills as a wordsmith 6. trained to identify passages (from the prescribed plays) that can be used as case studies to understand and practice soft and communicative skills. UNIT-I : As You Like It UNIT-II : Othello UNIT-III : Richard III UNIT-IV : The Winter’s Tale UNIT-V 1. The Elizabethan Theatre and Audience 2. Trends in Shakespeare Studies 17 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 8 AMERICAN LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. to explore the uniqueness of American literature at an advanced level 2. trained to analyze the American mind in its important facets 3. enabled to appreciate mutually beneficial relationship between India and the U.S. , through the literary medium 4. introduced to American Science Fiction through one of the most representative texts UNIT-I : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Robert Frost Wallace Stevens : Crossing Brooklyn Ferry : Success is counted sweetest : Home Burial : Anecdote of the Jar UNIT-II : POETRY 1. e. e. cummings 2. Amiri Baraka 3. Gwendolyn Brooks : Any one lived in a pretty how town : An Agony as Now : Kitchenette Building UNIT-III : PROSE 1. R. W. Emerson 2. H. D. Thoreau 3. Allan Bloom : Self Reliance : Walden (Selected Chapters 1,2 and 17) : Nietzscheanization of the Left or Vice-Versa (from the Closing of the American Mind 1987) 18 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Eugene O’Neill 2. Arthur Miller : Hairy Ape : The Crucible UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Mark Twain 2. W. Faulkner 3. Isaac Asimov : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : The Sound and the Fury : The Caves of Steel 19 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) HUMAN RIGHTS COMPULSORY PAPER UNIT-I Definition of Human Rights Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority Theories on Human Rights Historical Development of Human Rights. UNIT-II International Human Rights Prescription and Enforcement upto World War II Human Rights and the U . N . O. Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol. UNIT-III Human Rights Declarations U. N. Human Rights Declarations U. N. Human Commissioner. UNIT-IV Amnesty International Human Rights and Helsinki Process Regional Developments European Human Rights System African Human Rights System International Human Rights in Domestic courts. UNIT-V Contemporary Issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights Women’s Rights Dalit’s Rights Bonded Labour and Wages Refugees Capital Punishment. Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution Directive Principles of State Policy Fundamental Duties National Human Rights Commission. 20 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Books for Reference: 1. International Bill of Human Rights, Amnesty International Publication, 1988. 2. Human Rights, Questions and Answers, UNESCO, 1982 3. Mausice Cranston What is Human Rights 4. Desai, A. R. Violation of Democratic Rights in India 5. Pandey Constitutional Law. 6. Timm. R. W. Working for Justice and Human Rights. 7. Human Rights, A Selected Bibliography, USIS. 8. J. C. Johari. Human Rights and New World Order. 9. G. S. Bajwa Human Rights in India. 10. Amnesty International, Human Rights in India. 11. P. C. Sinha International Encyclopedia of Peace, Security K. Cheous (Ed) Social Justice and Human Rights (Vols 1-7). 12. Devasia, V. V. Human Rights and Victimology. Magazines: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Lawyer, Bombay Human Rights Today, Columbia University International Instruments of Human Rights, UN Publication Human Rights Quarterly, John Hopkins University, U. S. A. 21 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are introduced to contemporary and complex writers and their works spanning all the commonwealth countries. If selected for study, this paper will enable the student to acquire a highly comprehensive knowledge of commonwealth literature, enhancing their reception of the paper on commonwealth literature in the III semester, and also providing them with sufficient knowledge base for pursuing research or teaching. UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Australia Judith Wright : At Cooloola 2. New Zealand James Baxter : The Ikons 3. Allen Curnow : House and Land UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Canada Al Purdy : Lament for the Dorsets (EskimosExtinct in the 14th Century AD) (from Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry) 2. Africa Kofi Awoonor : Song of War : The Weaver Bird (from Penguin Anthology of Modern Poetry- Africa. Eds. Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier. ) 3. ace Nichols West Indies Grace Nichols Of course, when they ask for poems (from Six Women Poets. Ed. Judith Kinsman, OUP, 1992, pp. 41 -43) 22 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Africa Achebe : Colonialist Criticism (from Post Colonial Studies Reader eds. Helen Tiffin, Chris Tiffin Bill Ashcroft) 2. West Indies V. S. Naipaul-India : A Wounded Civilization UNIT-IV : DRAMA. Australia Louis Nowra : Radiance J. P. Clarke : Song of a goat UNIT-V : FICTION Africa-Koetzee : Disgrace Canada-Maragaret Laurence : The Stone Angel Australia-Peter Carey : Oscar and Lucinda 23 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) III SEMESTER PAPER 9 COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the literatures of the Commonwealth 2. introduced to the postcolonial perceptions of a wide range of people whose second language is English 3. trained to develop comparative perspectives 4. Trained to discuss the question of identity and dominance of landscape in Commonwealth literature UNIT-I : POETRY. Australia A. D. Hope : Australia New Zealand Jessie Mackay : The Noosing of the sun-god Africa Abioseh Nicol : The Continent that lies within us UNIT-II : POETRY Africa David Rubadiri : A Negro labourer in Liverpool Dereck Walcott : Ruins of a Great House Canada F. R. Scott : The Canadian Author’s Meet (from Anthology of Commonwealth Verse ed. Margaret O’Donnell An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C. D. Narasimhaiah) UNIT-III : PROSE Sri Lanka Ananda : The Dance of Shiva Coomaraswami 24 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA Nigeria Wole Soyinka : The Lion and the Jewel UNIT-V : FICTION. Canada Margaret Atwood : Surfacing Australia Patrick White : Voss 25 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 10 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM I Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to one of the most enabling forms of literary study 2. exposed to the complexities of literary theory and criticism, which is most essential aspect of literary appreciation 3. trained to understand and analyze literary writings based on the ever evolving traditions of criticism 4. enabled to form a comparative perspective of the Eastern and Western critical traditions UNIT-I Introduction to Classical Literary Criticism UNIT-II. Ancient Tamil and Sanskrit Criticism UNIT-III Johnson : Preface to Shakespeare Wordsworth : Preface to the Lyrical Ballads UNIT-IV Arnold : Study of Poetry T. S. Eliot : Tradition and Individual Talent UNIT-V N. Frye : Archetypes of Literature 26 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 11 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Objectives Students are : 1. expected to acquire the essentials of teaching English as a second / foreign language 2. to internalize the various methods of English language teaching, theory as well as practice 3. trained to appreciate the area specific feature of ELT, in the Indian context, to become able teachers. 4. Problems and Principles UNIT-I The role of English in India; English teaching in India today UNIT-II Theories of language learning: cognitive-theory; behaviouristic theory. First language acquisition and second language learning; Attitudes to error; Inter language UNIT-III Approaches and Methods: Grammar Translation; Audio-lingual; Communicative and Current Trends UNIT-IV Classroom Management and Teacher Student Interaction Materials Production 27 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V Reading, Writing, Testimony, Speaking, Study Skills, Literature, Remediation Recommended Reading Howall A. P. R. A History of English Language Teaching, OUP, 1984. Richards, J and Rodgers, S. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ellis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition, London, OUP, 1985. Pit Corder, S. Introducing Applied Linguistics, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973. Edinburgh Course in Appied Linguistics Vols. 1,2,3,4. Yalden, 1. The Communicative Syllabus: Evolution Design Implementations. Penguin, 1983. Oller J. W. Jr. Language Tests at School, London, Longman, 1979. David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology, Prentice Hall, 1991. 28 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 12 LITERATURE, ANALYSIS, APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to the methodologies of analysis, an integral part of literary appreciation 2. exposed to the expected levels of performance required in them 3. directed to the ever widening career options opening to a PG in English, especially in the Knowledge Processing Industry for writers, editors, instructional designers and so on UNIT-I Practical Criticism UNIT-II Journalism and Mass Communication UNIT-III Report Writing and Book Review UNIT-IV Proofreading, Editing and Advertising UNIT-V : TECHNICAL WRITING Specs, Manuals, Business correspondence 29 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 FILM REVIEWS AND PRESENTATION Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the newly emerging field of film studies 2. introduced to the technicalities of making and appreciation of cinema 3. trained to become reviewers, opening up another career option UNIT-I History of Cinema in India UNIT-II Major Landmarks in Indian Cinema UNIT-III What is Film Reviewing? UNIT-IV Actual reviewing by showing film clips UNIT-V The script, storyline, acting, costumes, dialogue, visuals, music and dance, graphics and special effects 30 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) IV SEMESTER PAPER 13 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM II Objectives In addition to the objectives for Literary Theory and Criticism I Students are : 1. sensitized to the transition from Humanistic to Modern and Postmodern critical traditions 2. enabled to comprehend the dominance of theory in the Postmodern phase 3. introduced to recent contexts, concepts and ideologies UNIT-I Lionel Trilling: Sense of the Past Cleanth Brooks: The Language of Paradox UNIT-II Georg Lukacs: Ideology of Modernism UNIT-III Jacques Lacan : Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to any Subject Whatever UNIT-IV. Barthes: Death of the Author UNIT-V Simone de Beauvoir : Introduction to â€Å"The Second Sex† 31 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 14 SOFT SKILLS, LITERATURE AND MOVIES Objectives Students are : 1. trained to understand the aspects of soft skills 2. exposed to the actualities of the various skills grouped under the rubric ‘Soft Skills’ 3. motivated, through this paper, to empower themselves with the expected skills for suitable employment 4. oriented to recognize and locate the role of soft skills in real life situations UNIT-I : INTRAPERSONAL Self-management, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-critique,  Jane Eyre UNIT-II : EMPATHY Honesty, cultural diversity, Ability to take other’s point of view, integrating cognitive and affective skills, Nelli in â€Å"Wuthering Heights† UNIT-III : INTERPERSONAL Team work, persuasion, negotiation, conflict resolution, Reading social situations, learning to say no, active listening, Rosalind, Portia and Viola UNIT-IV : COMMUNICATION Body language, facial expression, humour, eye contact, tone of voice, etiquette, 1. Antony and Cleopatra (Movie) 2. To Sir with Love (Movie) 3. Dead Poets Society (Movie) UNIT-V : LEADERSHIP Critical, lateral, strategic thinking; delegation; taking responsibility; giving praise and appreciation; giving and receiving feedback; ability to motivate; problem solving, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† – Achebe. 32 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) References Daniel Coleman. Working with Emotional Intelligence. Dale Carnegie. How to Develop Self Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking. 1926. rpt. 1956. Pocket Books. 33 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 15 WORLD CLASSICS IN TRANSLATION Objectives: Enable the students to appreciate the writings for them literary values, cultural importance, philosophical and socio-political background to  facilitate the development of cross-cultural perspectives. UNIT-I : Poetry Homer : The Sliad Book III Virgil : The Aeveid Book IV (438-563) Thiruvalluvar : Thirukkural Book II UNIT-II : Dante : The Inferno (Canto III) Gibran : The Prophet UNIT-III : PROSE St. Augustine : The Confessions Book – I Confucius : Analects 1, 2 Harace : As Poetria UNIT-IV : DRAMA Anton Chekov : The Cherry Orchid Kalidasa : Sahuntala Aristophanes : The Clouds UNIT-V : FICTION Leo Tolstoy : Anna Karenina Books (1 2) Thomas Mann : Magic Mountain 34 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 16 WOMEN’S WRITING IN ENGLISH UNIT-I: POETRY Elizabeth Barret Browming. Ways. : How Do I Love Thee? Let me count the Sylvia Plath : Lady Lazarus Maya Angelou : Phenomenal Woman Kamala Das : Introduction Toru Dutt : Sita UNIT-II: PROSE Virginia Woolf : A Room of One’s Own Arundhathi Roy : The Algebra of Infinite Justice. UNIT-III: DRAMA Mahashweta Devi : Mother of 1084 Caryll Churchill : Top Girls UNIT-IV: FICTION Jhumpa Lahiri : The Namesake Margaret Atwood : The Handmaid’s Tale UNIT-V: GENERAL Mary Woolstone craft : The Vindication of the Rights of Women Elaine Showalter : Toward a Feminist Poetics 35 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 4 ANATOMY OF LITERATURE Objectives. Students are : 1. enabled to acquaint themselves with the major generic divisions in English literature 2. trained in the universally acknowledged conventions of literary research and documentation UNIT-I : THE ANATOMY OF PROSE The form of prose vocabulary grammar and idiom written and spoken prose the paragraph prose rhythm individual and common style common style and cheap style simplicity and ornamentation objective and subjective abstract and concrete realism, romance and unreality special inventions prose for its own sake the historical approach the science of rhetoric writing prose. UNIT-II : THE ANATOMY OF POETRY The importance of form the physical form of poetry metre variation rhyme onomatopoeia internal pattern form in intonation repetition the main types of poetry logical sequence the use of associations patterns of imagery traditional verse forms free verse the choice of words illustrations cautions twentieth century techniques. UNIT-III : THE ANATOMY OF NOVEL The concept of fiction verisimilitude the point of view plot character character revealed conversation scene and background dominant themes the experimental novel 36. M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : THE ANATOMY OF DRAMA Live literature action plots conventional divisions direct experience of characters dialogue and conversation verse and prose types of drama drama and history use of notes interpretation UNIT-V : LITERARY RESEARCH Research and writing the mechanics of writing the format of the research paper documentation: preparing the list of works cited documentation: citing sources in the text abbreviations Reference Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Prose (1954). Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Poetry (1953) Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Novel Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Drama (1960) Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th Ed. 37 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PROJECT DISSERTATION Objective Project Work is a preparatory exercise for research writing. Students are introduced to the basics of research and trained to write academically following the framework given below: 1. Introduction 2. Statement of the problem 3. Review of Literature 4. Analysis 5. Summary, findings and suggestions.