Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Linguistic Data Collection with Critical Commentary Essay

Linguistic Data Collection with Critical Commentary - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is linguistics, the study of the structure and nature of a language. Traditionally, it encompasses syntax, phonology and semantics. Synchronic study of linguistics aims at describing a language as it appears at the time. Diachronic studies describe a language in its historical development. The philosophers from Greek brought a debate on the origin of language. They were the first in the Western countries to get concern about the theory of linguistic. Thrax Dionysus wrote the first Greek grammar during the first century Before Christ. It was a roman grammar model that led to Renaissance and medieval vernacular grammars. The rise of linguistics historically in the 19th century enabled it to become a science. During early 20th and late 19th centuries, a linguistic structuralist school was set up by Ferdinand de sausure. It allowed analysis of actual speech and learning about the basis and structure of a language. Noam chosky argued in 1950s that, struc turalist program must study native speakers’ competence and not the performance. His approach to linguistic is referred to as transformational generative grammar was revised severally in the recent period to become an extended theory. It is also important to look at discourse markers since they will help in the deeper understanding of the information distinguishing between the right and false information regarding the organization. The paper will examine phonetic transcription whereby real words from the interviewee will give a clear distinction between the previous and the current perception of the Freemasonry. It helps to give clear pronunciation of words by the speaker in order to be understood better. The following lines give the aspect of discourse, 01.15 01:0049 interviewee statements. Data Collecting Techniques There are different methods of collecting data in linguistics. They include participant-observation, interviews, introspection, written data and questionnaires. In the participant-observer, the researcher must be one of the native speakers of the language to apply this method of data collecting (Kontra, 2004). The method can be applicable to this research but, it cannot allow room for acquiring all the required information. Introspection is a method of data co

Monday, October 28, 2019

Dalit literature Essay Example for Free

Dalit literature Essay Chaucer and the Elizabethan Age The Neo Classical Age The Romantic and the Victorian Ages Twentieth Century Theory and practice of Translation 4 4 4 Max. Marks Uni. CIA Exam. 25 75 25 75 25 75 6 6 30 4 3 19 25 25 125 75 75 375 100 100 500 Ins. Hrs/ Week 6 6 6 Credit Total 100 100 100 I Year II Semester MAIN Paper-5 MAIN Paper-6 MAIN Paper-7 MAIN Paper-8 COMPULSORY PAPER ELECTIVE Paper-2 English Language and Linguistics Indian Literature in English Shakespeare American Literature Human Rights New Literatures English 6 5 6 5 2 6 30 5 5 5 5 2 3 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 150 75 75 75 75 75 75 450 100 100 100 100 100. 100 600 II year III Semester MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN Paper-9 Paper-10 Paper-11 Paper-12 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 ELECTIVE Paper-3 Commonwealth Literature Literary Theory and Criticism I English Language Teaching Literature, Analysis, Approaches and Applications Film Reviews and Presentation 6 30 3 23 25 125 75 375 100 500 MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN ELECTIVE Paper-13 Paper-14 Paper-15 Paper-16 Paper-4 (or) Project 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 3 25 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 30 23 125 375 500 II Year IV Semester Literary Theory and Criticism II Soft Skills, Literature and Movies. World Classics in Translation Women’s Writing in English Anatomy of Literature Total 1 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Papers Credit Total Credits Marks Total marks MAIN 16 4-5 76 100 1600 ELECTIVE 4 3 12 100 400 COMPULSORY PAPER 1 2 2 100 100 21 90 2100 Subject Total 2 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY M. A. ENGLISH SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS (with effect from 2012-2013) SEMESTER I PAPER 1 CHAUCER AND THE ELIZABETHAN AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to early English literature with special reference to transition from middle English to the Elizabethan ethos. 2. introduced to the earliest English writers through representative texts 3. to gain a deeper knowledge of the writers and their works UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales : The Knight, The Prioress, The Wife of Bath and the Doctor of Physic. 2. John Donne : 1) The Canonization 2) Valediction Forbidding Mourning 3) Go and Catch a Falling Star UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Edmund Spenser : Prothalamion 2. Wyatt and Surrey : As Sonneteers 3. Ballads 3 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Bacon : Of Truth, Of Adversity, Of Parents and Children, Of Ambition 2. The Gospel according to St. Mark (MacMillan Annotated Classics) 3. Thomas More : The Utopia UNIT-IV : DRAMA Webster :The Duchess of Malfi UNIT-V : DRAMA Ben Jonson : The Alchemist 4 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 2 THE NEO CLASSICAL AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the shift to the Classical tradition in literary and political terms 2. to appreciate the tremendous changes in literary forms 3. trained to analyze the trends in literary expression of the period UNIT-I : POETRY Milton (1608 1674) : Paradise Lost Book IX UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Andrew Marvell (1621 1678) : To His Coy Mistress 2. John Dryden (1631 1695) : Absalom and Achitophel 3. Pope (1688 1744) : The Essay On Man : Epistle II (II. 1 92) (â€Å"Know then thyself†¦. Our greatest evil or great good†) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Addison and Steele : The Coverley Papers : Sir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes 2. Milton : Areopagitica 3. Swift : The Battle of the Books 5 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. John Dryden : All for Love 2. Richard Sheridan : The Rivals UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Daniel Defoe (1660 1731) : Robinson Crusoe 2. Swift (1667 1745) : Gulliver’s Travels 6 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 3 THE ROMANTIC AND THE VICTORIAN AGES Objectives Students are : 1. to appreciate the influence of ever changing trends brought about by social and scientific developments 2. to analyze diverse literary devices of these periods 3. to comprehend and analyze the dialectic between Neo Classicism and Romanticism 4. to gain indepth understanding of major writers of the 19th century UNIT-I: POETRY 1. Wordsworth : Tintern Abbey 2. Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 3. Shelley : Ode to a Skylark 4. Keats : Ode on a Grecian Urn 5. Tennyson : Ulysses UNIT-II: POETRY 1. Browning : My Last Duchess 2. Blake : Night 3. D. G. Rossetti Infant Sorrow : Blessed Damozel 4. Arnold : The Scholar Gypsy Ref: Victorian poets, ed. V. S. Seturaman, Macmillan Annotated Classics 7 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Charles Lamb : From Essays of Elia: Dissertation on a Roast Pig : Poor Relations 2. Arnold : From Culture and Anarchy: Sweetness and Light 3. Thomas Carlyle : On Shakespeare (from Victorian Prose ed. V. S. Sethuraman) UNIT-IV: DRAMA Oscar Wilde : Lady Windermere’s Fan UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Jane Austen : Emma 2. Dickens : Pickwick Papers 3. Charlotte Bronte : Jane Eyre 4. Walter Scott: Ivanhoe 8 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 4 TWENTIETH CENTURY Objectives Students are : 1. trained to acquire a working understanding of the war years and their literary consequences 2. exposed to dominant literary traditions and authors of the 20th Century 3. to analytically appreciate various emerging literary trends and forms 4. introduced to futuristic thinking through a classic science fiction novel UNIT-I : POETRY 1. W. B . Yeats 2. T. S Eliot 3. Wilfred Owen : Easter 1916 : Sailing to Byzantium : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock : Strange Meeting UNIT-II : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Hopkins. Seamus Heaney Thom Gunn Stephen Spender : Wreck of the Deutschland : The Tollund Man : On the Move : I think continually of those who are truly great. UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Orwell 2. D. H. Lawrence 3. C. P. Snow : Politics and the English Language : Why the Novel Matters : Two Cultures UNIT-IV: DRAMA 1. Beckett 2. T. S. Eliot : Waiting For Godot : The Family Reunion 9 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Virginia Woolf : Mrs. Dalloway 2. D. H. Lawrence : Sons and Lovers 3. Arthur C. Clarke : Childhood’s End 10 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 1 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION Objectives Students are trained : 1. to gain a working knowledge of the origin and development of translation 2. in the various theories and techniques of translation 3. to be able to translate literary and non-literary texts from English into an Indian language and vice-versa UNIT-I : History of Translation Origin and development of translation in the West Origin and development of translation in the Indian context UNIT-II : Theories of Translation Catford Nida Newmark UNIT-III : Translation of Literary Aesthetic Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Religious Texts in India. Translation of Poetry Translation of Fiction Translation of Plays UNIT-IV : Translation of Scientific Technical Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Scientific Texts Translation of Social Sciences Texts Translation of Official Circulars, Agenda, Minutes Translation of Commercial, Financial documents and Legal texts 11 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V : New trends Assessment of Translation Computer aided Translation Reference Susan Bassnett McGuire, Translation Studies J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation E. A. Nida, Towards a Science of Translation (1964) E. A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (1974) Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation (1981) A. Duff, The Third Language (1961) Ayyappa Panicker, ed. Indian Literature (1995) 12 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) II SEMESTER PAPER 5 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Objectives Students are exposed to : 1. the evolution of the English language at a deeper level, updating what has been learnt at the UG level 2. the intricacies of articulating English sounds, enabling them to speak better 3. levels of linguistic analyses, preparing them to become effective teachers UNIT-I : THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Descent of English language; Old English Period; Middle English; Renaissance After; Growth of Vocabulary; Change of Meaning; Evolution of Standard English. Recommended Reading: F. T Wood An Outline History of English Language UNIT-II : PHONOLOGY Cardinal Vowels, English Vowels, Diphthongs and Consonants, Transcription, Syllable UNIT-III : PHONOLOGY Received Pronunciation and the need for a model, Accent, Rhythm and Intonation, Assimilation, Elision, Liaison and Juncture. Recommended Reading T. Balasubramanian A Textbook of English Phonetics for Indian Students (Chapter 3-17) 13 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Morphology, Sentences and their parts, words, phrases and clauses, phrases, Semantics, Pragmatics Discourse Analysis Recommended Reading Geroge Yule The Study of Language (Chapters 8-13) (Second Edition Cambridge University Press, 1996) Quirk Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English UNIT-V : SOCIOLINGUISTICS Language varieties; language, society and culture. Recommended Reading George Yule The Study of Language (Chapter 20 21) Second Ed. CUP, 1996) Verma and Krishnaswamy Modern Linguistics (Units 42 – 45). 14 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 6 INDIAN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to a wider range of works in Indian Literature in English 2. exposed to a balanced textual study of established and contemporary writers 3. enabled to acquire a holistic perception of Indian Literature in English in preparation for a teaching or research career UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Aurobindo : Thought the Paraclete 2. Nissim Ezekiel : Poet, Lover, Bird Watcher 3. A. K. Ramanujan : Anxiety (from selected poems OUP, 1995,p. 29, pp. 124-25) 4. Arun Kolatkar : From Jeiury 1. The Bus 2. A Scratch 5. Rabindranath Tagore : Gitanjali UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Daruwalla : Hawk (from The Anthgology of Twelve. Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehotra, OUP (1992) 2. Sujatha Bhat : The Star (from Monkey Shadows, Penguin India, 1993 pp 13-15) 3. Mamta Kalia : Tribute to Papa (from Nine Indian Women 15 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Poets ed. Eunice D’Souza, OUP, 1997, pp. 2021) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Nehru : Discovery of India (Ch. 2 and 3) 2. B. R. Ambedkar : Extracts 4,5 and 6 (from Annihilation of Caste Ed. Mulk Raj Anand. Delhi: Arnold Publishers, 1990, pp. 47-54) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Karnad : Nagamandala 2. Mahashweta Devi : Rudali (Calcutta: Seagull, 1999) UNIT-V : FICTION 1. R. K. Narayan : The English Teacher 2. Chetan Bhaghat : One Night @ the Call Centre 16 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 7 SHAKESPEARE Objectives Students are : 1. enabled to establish Shakespeare’s contribution to development of English literature and language. 2. to gain knowledge and understanding necessary to explain his dramatic skills 3. to identify and explain meaning-making and communicative strategies in the prescribed plays 4. oriented to a concrete understanding of his ‘universality’ which in this context means his ability to communicate to a far wider spectrum of people 5. prompted to recognise and appreciate his skills as a wordsmith 6. trained to identify passages (from the prescribed plays) that can be used as case studies to understand and practice soft and communicative skills. UNIT-I : As You Like It UNIT-II : Othello UNIT-III : Richard III UNIT-IV : The Winter’s Tale UNIT-V 1. The Elizabethan Theatre and Audience 2. Trends in Shakespeare Studies 17 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 8 AMERICAN LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. to explore the uniqueness of American literature at an advanced level 2. trained to analyze the American mind in its important facets 3. enabled to appreciate mutually beneficial relationship between India and the U.S. , through the literary medium 4. introduced to American Science Fiction through one of the most representative texts UNIT-I : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Robert Frost Wallace Stevens : Crossing Brooklyn Ferry : Success is counted sweetest : Home Burial : Anecdote of the Jar UNIT-II : POETRY 1. e. e. cummings 2. Amiri Baraka 3. Gwendolyn Brooks : Any one lived in a pretty how town : An Agony as Now : Kitchenette Building UNIT-III : PROSE 1. R. W. Emerson 2. H. D. Thoreau 3. Allan Bloom : Self Reliance : Walden (Selected Chapters 1,2 and 17) : Nietzscheanization of the Left or Vice-Versa (from the Closing of the American Mind 1987) 18 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Eugene O’Neill 2. Arthur Miller : Hairy Ape : The Crucible UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Mark Twain 2. W. Faulkner 3. Isaac Asimov : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : The Sound and the Fury : The Caves of Steel 19 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) HUMAN RIGHTS COMPULSORY PAPER UNIT-I Definition of Human Rights Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority Theories on Human Rights Historical Development of Human Rights. UNIT-II International Human Rights Prescription and Enforcement upto World War II Human Rights and the U . N . O. Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol. UNIT-III Human Rights Declarations U. N. Human Rights Declarations U. N. Human Commissioner. UNIT-IV Amnesty International Human Rights and Helsinki Process Regional Developments European Human Rights System African Human Rights System International Human Rights in Domestic courts. UNIT-V Contemporary Issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights Women’s Rights Dalit’s Rights Bonded Labour and Wages Refugees Capital Punishment. Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution Directive Principles of State Policy Fundamental Duties National Human Rights Commission. 20 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Books for Reference: 1. International Bill of Human Rights, Amnesty International Publication, 1988. 2. Human Rights, Questions and Answers, UNESCO, 1982 3. Mausice Cranston What is Human Rights 4. Desai, A. R. Violation of Democratic Rights in India 5. Pandey Constitutional Law. 6. Timm. R. W. Working for Justice and Human Rights. 7. Human Rights, A Selected Bibliography, USIS. 8. J. C. Johari. Human Rights and New World Order. 9. G. S. Bajwa Human Rights in India. 10. Amnesty International, Human Rights in India. 11. P. C. Sinha International Encyclopedia of Peace, Security K. Cheous (Ed) Social Justice and Human Rights (Vols 1-7). 12. Devasia, V. V. Human Rights and Victimology. Magazines: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Lawyer, Bombay Human Rights Today, Columbia University International Instruments of Human Rights, UN Publication Human Rights Quarterly, John Hopkins University, U. S. A. 21 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are introduced to contemporary and complex writers and their works spanning all the commonwealth countries. If selected for study, this paper will enable the student to acquire a highly comprehensive knowledge of commonwealth literature, enhancing their reception of the paper on commonwealth literature in the III semester, and also providing them with sufficient knowledge base for pursuing research or teaching. UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Australia Judith Wright : At Cooloola 2. New Zealand James Baxter : The Ikons 3. Allen Curnow : House and Land UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Canada Al Purdy : Lament for the Dorsets (EskimosExtinct in the 14th Century AD) (from Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry) 2. Africa Kofi Awoonor : Song of War : The Weaver Bird (from Penguin Anthology of Modern Poetry- Africa. Eds. Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier. ) 3. ace Nichols West Indies Grace Nichols Of course, when they ask for poems (from Six Women Poets. Ed. Judith Kinsman, OUP, 1992, pp. 41 -43) 22 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Africa Achebe : Colonialist Criticism (from Post Colonial Studies Reader eds. Helen Tiffin, Chris Tiffin Bill Ashcroft) 2. West Indies V. S. Naipaul-India : A Wounded Civilization UNIT-IV : DRAMA. Australia Louis Nowra : Radiance J. P. Clarke : Song of a goat UNIT-V : FICTION Africa-Koetzee : Disgrace Canada-Maragaret Laurence : The Stone Angel Australia-Peter Carey : Oscar and Lucinda 23 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) III SEMESTER PAPER 9 COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the literatures of the Commonwealth 2. introduced to the postcolonial perceptions of a wide range of people whose second language is English 3. trained to develop comparative perspectives 4. Trained to discuss the question of identity and dominance of landscape in Commonwealth literature UNIT-I : POETRY. Australia A. D. Hope : Australia New Zealand Jessie Mackay : The Noosing of the sun-god Africa Abioseh Nicol : The Continent that lies within us UNIT-II : POETRY Africa David Rubadiri : A Negro labourer in Liverpool Dereck Walcott : Ruins of a Great House Canada F. R. Scott : The Canadian Author’s Meet (from Anthology of Commonwealth Verse ed. Margaret O’Donnell An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C. D. Narasimhaiah) UNIT-III : PROSE Sri Lanka Ananda : The Dance of Shiva Coomaraswami 24 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA Nigeria Wole Soyinka : The Lion and the Jewel UNIT-V : FICTION. Canada Margaret Atwood : Surfacing Australia Patrick White : Voss 25 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 10 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM I Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to one of the most enabling forms of literary study 2. exposed to the complexities of literary theory and criticism, which is most essential aspect of literary appreciation 3. trained to understand and analyze literary writings based on the ever evolving traditions of criticism 4. enabled to form a comparative perspective of the Eastern and Western critical traditions UNIT-I Introduction to Classical Literary Criticism UNIT-II. Ancient Tamil and Sanskrit Criticism UNIT-III Johnson : Preface to Shakespeare Wordsworth : Preface to the Lyrical Ballads UNIT-IV Arnold : Study of Poetry T. S. Eliot : Tradition and Individual Talent UNIT-V N. Frye : Archetypes of Literature 26 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 11 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Objectives Students are : 1. expected to acquire the essentials of teaching English as a second / foreign language 2. to internalize the various methods of English language teaching, theory as well as practice 3. trained to appreciate the area specific feature of ELT, in the Indian context, to become able teachers. 4. Problems and Principles UNIT-I The role of English in India; English teaching in India today UNIT-II Theories of language learning: cognitive-theory; behaviouristic theory. First language acquisition and second language learning; Attitudes to error; Inter language UNIT-III Approaches and Methods: Grammar Translation; Audio-lingual; Communicative and Current Trends UNIT-IV Classroom Management and Teacher Student Interaction Materials Production 27 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V Reading, Writing, Testimony, Speaking, Study Skills, Literature, Remediation Recommended Reading Howall A. P. R. A History of English Language Teaching, OUP, 1984. Richards, J and Rodgers, S. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ellis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition, London, OUP, 1985. Pit Corder, S. Introducing Applied Linguistics, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973. Edinburgh Course in Appied Linguistics Vols. 1,2,3,4. Yalden, 1. The Communicative Syllabus: Evolution Design Implementations. Penguin, 1983. Oller J. W. Jr. Language Tests at School, London, Longman, 1979. David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology, Prentice Hall, 1991. 28 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 12 LITERATURE, ANALYSIS, APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to the methodologies of analysis, an integral part of literary appreciation 2. exposed to the expected levels of performance required in them 3. directed to the ever widening career options opening to a PG in English, especially in the Knowledge Processing Industry for writers, editors, instructional designers and so on UNIT-I Practical Criticism UNIT-II Journalism and Mass Communication UNIT-III Report Writing and Book Review UNIT-IV Proofreading, Editing and Advertising UNIT-V : TECHNICAL WRITING Specs, Manuals, Business correspondence 29 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 FILM REVIEWS AND PRESENTATION Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the newly emerging field of film studies 2. introduced to the technicalities of making and appreciation of cinema 3. trained to become reviewers, opening up another career option UNIT-I History of Cinema in India UNIT-II Major Landmarks in Indian Cinema UNIT-III What is Film Reviewing? UNIT-IV Actual reviewing by showing film clips UNIT-V The script, storyline, acting, costumes, dialogue, visuals, music and dance, graphics and special effects 30 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) IV SEMESTER PAPER 13 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM II Objectives In addition to the objectives for Literary Theory and Criticism I Students are : 1. sensitized to the transition from Humanistic to Modern and Postmodern critical traditions 2. enabled to comprehend the dominance of theory in the Postmodern phase 3. introduced to recent contexts, concepts and ideologies UNIT-I Lionel Trilling: Sense of the Past Cleanth Brooks: The Language of Paradox UNIT-II Georg Lukacs: Ideology of Modernism UNIT-III Jacques Lacan : Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to any Subject Whatever UNIT-IV. Barthes: Death of the Author UNIT-V Simone de Beauvoir : Introduction to â€Å"The Second Sex† 31 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 14 SOFT SKILLS, LITERATURE AND MOVIES Objectives Students are : 1. trained to understand the aspects of soft skills 2. exposed to the actualities of the various skills grouped under the rubric ‘Soft Skills’ 3. motivated, through this paper, to empower themselves with the expected skills for suitable employment 4. oriented to recognize and locate the role of soft skills in real life situations UNIT-I : INTRAPERSONAL Self-management, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-critique,  Jane Eyre UNIT-II : EMPATHY Honesty, cultural diversity, Ability to take other’s point of view, integrating cognitive and affective skills, Nelli in â€Å"Wuthering Heights† UNIT-III : INTERPERSONAL Team work, persuasion, negotiation, conflict resolution, Reading social situations, learning to say no, active listening, Rosalind, Portia and Viola UNIT-IV : COMMUNICATION Body language, facial expression, humour, eye contact, tone of voice, etiquette, 1. Antony and Cleopatra (Movie) 2. To Sir with Love (Movie) 3. Dead Poets Society (Movie) UNIT-V : LEADERSHIP Critical, lateral, strategic thinking; delegation; taking responsibility; giving praise and appreciation; giving and receiving feedback; ability to motivate; problem solving, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† – Achebe. 32 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) References Daniel Coleman. Working with Emotional Intelligence. Dale Carnegie. How to Develop Self Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking. 1926. rpt. 1956. Pocket Books. 33 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 15 WORLD CLASSICS IN TRANSLATION Objectives: Enable the students to appreciate the writings for them literary values, cultural importance, philosophical and socio-political background to  facilitate the development of cross-cultural perspectives. UNIT-I : Poetry Homer : The Sliad Book III Virgil : The Aeveid Book IV (438-563) Thiruvalluvar : Thirukkural Book II UNIT-II : Dante : The Inferno (Canto III) Gibran : The Prophet UNIT-III : PROSE St. Augustine : The Confessions Book – I Confucius : Analects 1, 2 Harace : As Poetria UNIT-IV : DRAMA Anton Chekov : The Cherry Orchid Kalidasa : Sahuntala Aristophanes : The Clouds UNIT-V : FICTION Leo Tolstoy : Anna Karenina Books (1 2) Thomas Mann : Magic Mountain 34 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 16 WOMEN’S WRITING IN ENGLISH UNIT-I: POETRY Elizabeth Barret Browming. Ways. : How Do I Love Thee? Let me count the Sylvia Plath : Lady Lazarus Maya Angelou : Phenomenal Woman Kamala Das : Introduction Toru Dutt : Sita UNIT-II: PROSE Virginia Woolf : A Room of One’s Own Arundhathi Roy : The Algebra of Infinite Justice. UNIT-III: DRAMA Mahashweta Devi : Mother of 1084 Caryll Churchill : Top Girls UNIT-IV: FICTION Jhumpa Lahiri : The Namesake Margaret Atwood : The Handmaid’s Tale UNIT-V: GENERAL Mary Woolstone craft : The Vindication of the Rights of Women Elaine Showalter : Toward a Feminist Poetics 35 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 4 ANATOMY OF LITERATURE Objectives. Students are : 1. enabled to acquaint themselves with the major generic divisions in English literature 2. trained in the universally acknowledged conventions of literary research and documentation UNIT-I : THE ANATOMY OF PROSE The form of prose vocabulary grammar and idiom written and spoken prose the paragraph prose rhythm individual and common style common style and cheap style simplicity and ornamentation objective and subjective abstract and concrete realism, romance and unreality special inventions prose for its own sake the historical approach the science of rhetoric writing prose. UNIT-II : THE ANATOMY OF POETRY The importance of form the physical form of poetry metre variation rhyme onomatopoeia internal pattern form in intonation repetition the main types of poetry logical sequence the use of associations patterns of imagery traditional verse forms free verse the choice of words illustrations cautions twentieth century techniques. UNIT-III : THE ANATOMY OF NOVEL The concept of fiction verisimilitude the point of view plot character character revealed conversation scene and background dominant themes the experimental novel 36. M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : THE ANATOMY OF DRAMA Live literature action plots conventional divisions direct experience of characters dialogue and conversation verse and prose types of drama drama and history use of notes interpretation UNIT-V : LITERARY RESEARCH Research and writing the mechanics of writing the format of the research paper documentation: preparing the list of works cited documentation: citing sources in the text abbreviations Reference Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Prose (1954). Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Poetry (1953) Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Novel Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Drama (1960) Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th Ed. 37 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PROJECT DISSERTATION Objective Project Work is a preparatory exercise for research writing. Students are introduced to the basics of research and trained to write academically following the framework given below: 1. Introduction 2. Statement of the problem 3. Review of Literature 4. Analysis 5. Summary, findings and suggestions.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Essay --

"Every responsible person understands what is in products such as hamburgers and fries, as well as the consequence to one's waistline, and potentially to one's health, of excessively eating those foods over a prolonged period of time† (Wald, 2003). This was a statement made by McDonald’s lawyers in 2003 during a court case in which McDonald’s was being sued for their failure to inform people of the nutritional value of their food. The vast majority of overweight or obese people in the United States have gotten that way due to a lack of care when it comes to the foods they eat, specifically fast food. The negative effects of fast food on health is widespread knowledge in the United States, but most people choose to ignore it and doing so has resulted in America being labelled as the ‘fattest country’ in the world. Some of these negative effects include a recent surge in obesity in both children and adults, food addiction that people are not aware that they have, and life-altering weight related sicknesses and diseases. A major player in these and many other negative things has been the fast food industry as a whole. The fast food industry has had a tremendous effect on the economy of the United States over the past 30 years. Over a short period of time, the amount of money Americans spend on fast food has increased dramatically. In 1972 Americans spent $3 billion on fast food, and in 2003 $110 billion was spent on fast food (Ingram, 2005). It has been shown that Americans spend more on fast food than many recreational activities that you would typically imagine to cost more. Annually, Americans spend more on fast food than movies, books, magazines, videos and recorded music combined (Schlosser, 2005). Even in an economic recession... ...Obese people are bringing a variety of preventable hardships onto themselves by eating fast food, but they are not able to stop eating it due to its addictive nature (Brownell, 2004). Not only does fast food have no nutritional value, but it does more harm than good for you (Carmona, 2007). After people stuff themselves full of fast food, two hours later they are starving again, which results in them wanting more fast food. This is a vicious cycle in America that must be broken soon, because as the numbers of overweight and obese people rise, so does the number of people dying unnecessarily early deaths due to the effects of fast food. If people start moderating their fast food intake and paying more attention to things such as calorie information, the amount of obese people in America will decrease, and so will the number of deaths, resulting in a healthier nation.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Cuzco :: essays research papers

The first place, on my exploration of time, I arrived was in Cuzco the center of the Incan civilization in the year 1505 A.D. Their was much to observe on arrival. The first thing one notices is that Cuzco is in the center of the â€Å"four quarters† of the Incan Empire, Tawantinsuyu. The surrounding four quarters or the four â€Å"suyus† were to the north Chincasuyu, to the west Cuntisuyu, to the east Anitsuyu, and to the south Chinasuyu the largest quarter. Cuzco sat at the center of these four quarters of the empire and served as the capital. This capital of the Incan Empire severed as a home to the political center of the Incas. The rich political and social system proved the most interesting to me as I stayed in Cuzco.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The political system of the Incans proved rather ridged and complex. At the top of their society is the emperor. The Incan emperor was thought to be the a direct descendant of the sun god, Inti. The entire power of the Incan Empire belonged to its emperor. His system of checks and balances were that of their rich culture and of course the possibility of his subjects revolting. The emperor had only one wife that was recognized; though he had many concubines and hundreds of illegitimate children. Many of these children held the positions of advisors to the Emperor. The other relatives of the Emperor and other Emperors before him held the other high posts in the government, religion, and military. The last few government officials were the high nobles of the lands conquered by the empire. The practice of nepotism obviously was embraced by this society#.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The division of power in this civilization was a remarkable system. The governors of each quarter, once again, were blood relatives of the Emperor. Each governor had ten district governors who oversaw approximately ten thousand subjects. The governors then had leaders of about one thousand people who reported to them. Each leader of these small villages then had a foreman who over saw one hundred Incans. This process of division then ends in a series of low officials who would look over at least ten subjects1. This division the will of the emperor to be passed swiftly to the lowest members of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The emperor allocated his resources, through this rigid division of the society, to become more economically and politically sound.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Managing Change in Organisation Essay

Today, teams and organizations face rapid change like never before. Globalization has increased the markets and opportunities for more growth and revenue. However, increasingly diverse markets have a wide variety of needs and expectations that must be understood if they are to become strong customers and collaborators. The ability to manage change in an organisation, while continuing to meet the needs of stakeholders, is a very important skill required by today’s leaders and managers. Organizational change is undertaken to improve the performance of the organization or a part of the organization, for example, a process or team. When an organizational system is disturbed by some internal or external force, the change may occur. The change is modification of the structure or process of a system that may be positive or negative. It disturbs the existing equilibrium or status quo in an organization and may affect the whole organization, or various other parts of the organization i n varying degrees of speed and significance. It may affect people, structure, technology, and other elements of an organization. It may be reactive or proactive in nature. When change takes place due to external forces, it is called reactive change. However, proactive change is initiated by the management on its own to enhance the organizational effectiveness. The change is one of the most critical aspects of effective management. Organizational change is the process by which organizations move from their present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. The goal of planned organizational change is to find new or improved ways of using resources and capabilities in order to increase an organization’s ability to create value and improve returns to its stakeholders. An organization in decline may need to restructure its resources to improve its fit with the environment. According to Ackerman (1997) organisational change can be distinguished in three types, namely, developmental change, transitional change and transformational change. Developmental change refers to organisational change in which what already exists is continually improved but no radical progress is achieved or aimed at. Transitional change is a shift in the way a process is completed or designed to increase efficiency. A transitional change could involve the automation of a manufacturing process that was once done by hand. Transformational change refers to a shift in the business culture of an organisation resulting from a change in the underlying strategy and processes that the organisation has used in the past. A transformational change is designed to be organisation-wide and is enacted over a period of time. Significant organizational change occurs, for example, when an organization changes its overall strategy for success, adds or removes a major section or practice, and/or wants to change the very nature by which it operates. It also occurs when an organization evolves through various life cycles, just like people must successfully evolve through life cycles. For organizations to develop, they often must undergo significant change at various points in their development. That’s why the topic of organizational change and development has become widespread in communications about business, organizations, leadership and management. Leaders and managers continually make efforts to accomplish successful and significant change as it’s inherent in their jobs. Some are very good at this effort (probably more than we realize), while others continually struggle and fail. That’s often the difference between people who thrive in their roles and those that get shuttled around from job to job, ultimately settling into a role where they’re frustrated and ineffective. In this paper, it will be explained how the Digicel Corporation has converted from the traditional model to a transformed organizational model over the last five years. Digicel Corporation ia a telecommunication based company who provides land line, internet services, sale of handsets, credit for pay as you go customers, contract accounts, sale of tablets, etc. Digicel opened its very first store in 2001 by Irishman Denis O’brian. Digicel has transformed from a company into the region’s largest telephone corporations, leading in sales year after year. One of Denis O’brian techniques for change is technological changes. By the 2000’s the organisation had been so successful and had more increasing growth than any other telecommunication companies in the Eastern Caribbean region resulting in the purchase of AT&T in St. Lucia. Digicel provides consumers with low prices under the slogan â€Å"The Bigger Better Network† (digicel.com). The price sensitive merchandise allows customers to get more for their dollar. Digicel offers its customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week services, which is appealing in any retail market. The goal is to satisfy the growing telecommunication needs of customers. The best example of this organisational change that I can think of is the globalization of Digicel. This Organisational change began in 2001 when Denis O’brian opened in Jamaica. This was the beginning of Digicel’s vision of becoming an international company. Since then, Digicel has been aggressively expanding its markets and investments throughout the Eastern Caribbean Region, and Ireland. The company currently has operations in a number of countries including Ireland, Central America, Oceania, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Vincent, Dominica, Antigua, Panama, Bermuda and Grenada to name a few. Digicel also employs more than 5,500 associates worldwide, with more than 1000 stores currently in operation. Digicel is committed to achieving leadership as a telecommunication service provider. In order to achieve this goal, it has implemented specific business strategies that include globalization. Digicel leaders believe that globalization is critical to the company’s growth and continued success. In its quest to remain competitive, Digicel is pressing onward on its mission of seeking new opportunities, innovations, solutions, and talent in the global markets. Major advances in technology and communication and the growth of the Internet have also made it possible for Digicel to conduct and manage business globally. The company’s utilization of technology has been and will continue to be critical in its business success. Digicel being a communication company, along with other global companies are now dependent heavily on electronic communication devices to conduct business transactions. Integration of enhanced information system has a significant impact on the way Digicel collects, access, and disseminate information. Technological innovations have increased the efficiency and quality of business processes. Digicel uses the internet through the social networks lik e twitter and facebook to attract new customers and advertise their services. However, in spite of all the advantages, technology also has its drawbacks. Digicel is now online and services can be done at local banks and connected through computers. Therefore, the company is vulnerable to hackers and computer viruses that can paralyze its business. Computer crime is also a threat and has damaging effects on any global information systems. Computer security and protection is critical to the business. The use of technology in the business also has a major impact on privacy issues. Violation of privacy, computer monitoring, and computer matching, unauthorized personal files are examples of privacy issues that can destroy the reputation or integrity of any company (O’Brien, J. 2003). Digicel must take these threats seriously as it continues to compete in both national and international markets. An issue that faces Digicel or any company that uses technology is that technology is not static. In fact, the dominant attribute of technology is that it is always changing. Digicel must continue to invest to keep its technology up-to-date and able to help make the company compete successfully in the global markets. It has to ensure that its employees are effectively trained on the use of technology to achieve maximum productivity and quality. Digicel’s managers and employees involved in international business regularly interact with people from different countries. They are constantly exposed to different social, political, cultural, and economical challenges. The globalization of Digicel can present complex problems for its international managers and employees. Post, Lawrence, and Weber , 1999 states that to do business in the international market, a company must â€Å"design a business plan that fits with the cultural, competitive, and political realities of diverse societies defined by features such as language, customs, religion, and traditions† (p.125). It is important for Digicel to not only appreciate the cultural differences, but also to understand how these differences can affect its international business operations. Digicel should vary its management process and practices to take these differences into account. Maintaining current or potential multinational customers is a challenge for any global business. Each time Digicel opens a store in a different country, it has to integrate the â€Å"company’s unique culture and effective retailing concepts to each new country†. However, the emergence of multinational customers’, demand that Digicel also has to take into account and be sensitive to the difference s in customer preferences, needs and requirements. The company has done considerable market research and analysis before its expansion to other countries. The globalization of a company’s market poses a challenge to the individuals responsible in the management of knowledge. Companies use knowledge management technologies to have a focused view of its customers around the world. Development of technology and expanding markets in different economic regions necessitates the use of knowledge management technologies. Organizational change is a major strength for Digicel. They are consistently redefining processes to reduce costs in the area of telecommunications, inventory replenishment lead times, purchasing and defining the appropriate product and merchandise mix at each of their locations. Operations at Digicel are built on the premise that they can offer everyday low prices. This has been a competitive area that Digicel has had success in. Digicel has been able to build consumer trust by delivering the promise of the cutting-edge technologies and services at a competitive price. By driving down costs in all portions of their business they have a successful business strategy. What makes Digicel successful is its â€Å"ability to apply technology to its critical processes† (www.digicelgroup.com). It is important to note that new knowledge and technology comes from the innovative and creative minds of employees and leaders. The need to be better and/or faster inspires new way of thinking. A company that encourages innovative and creative thinking and integrates these into its organizational culture will attain competitive advantage. The goal of planned organizational change is to find new or improved ways of using resources and capabilities in order to increase an organization’s ability to create value and improve returns to its stakeholders. An organization in decline may need to restructure its resources to improve its fit with the environment. At the same time even a thriving organization like Digicel may need to change the way it uses its resources so that it can extend its business and find new markets for its existing products. One of the findings from my studies revealed that the employees of Digicel resisted the change to conduct business online and through the local financial institutions. In a sense, this is positive. It provides a degree of stability and predictability to behavior. If there weren’t some resistance, Digicel may have taken on characteristics of chaotic randomness. Resistance to change can also be a source of functional conflict. For example, resistance to Digicel’s transformational change or its reorganisation stimulated a healthy debate over the merits of the idea and resulted in a better decision. But there is a definite downside to resistance to change. It hinders adaptation and progress. Resistance to change doesn’t necessarily surface in standardized ways. The resistance to change at Digicel was overt and immediate. It made it easier for management to deal with resistance when it is was this way: For instance when the change was proposed and employees quickly responded because they thought their jobs were being made redundant by voicing complaints, engaging in a work slowdown, threatening to go on strike, or the like. The greater challenge for management would have been managing resistance that was implicit or deferred. Implicit resistance efforts are more subtle – loss of loyalty to the organization, loss of motivation to work, increased errors or mistakes, increased absentism due to sickness and hence, more difficult to recognize. Similarly, deferred actions cloud the link between the source of the resistance and the reaction to it. A change may produce what appears to be only a minimal reaction at the time it is initiated, but then resistance surfaces weeks, months or even years later. A single change that in and of itself might have little impact becomes the straw that breaks the company’s back. Reactions to change can build up and then explode in some response that seems to tally out of proportion to the change action it follows. The resistance, of course, has merely been deferred and stockpiled what surfaces is a response to an accumulation of previous changes. When management is willing to discuss openly with their employees all aspects of an impending change, it is desirable that ample time be planned between the initial mention of the change and the state of its actual initiation. Management should use this interval to ensure that all involved attain maximum understanding of the change and its probable consequences. Management should plan the length of this interval by working out a trade-off betwe en two considerations. Often these will be in conflict with each other. The first of this is a question of how long it takes for the processes of accommodation and rationalization to occur for the most people involved. The second consideration is an evaluation of those situational factors which determine when the change must be instituted and implemented and when the benefits must be realized. To achieve the best trade-off between these two considerations, management needs to evaluate the relative costs of two alternatives; delaying the introduction of the change to gain more preparation time in the interest of realizing optimum benefits, conforming to the intended schedule with the possibility of an increased risk of resistance and the resultant probability of reduced benefits. In many instances, management may discover that it will be economical to delay the change until the possibility of its acceptance is enhanced. If management decides not to delay, resistance may cause not only reduction in the possible benefits but also probable delays in their re alization, management should plan sufficient time during the early phase of the change for accommodation and rationalization to occur and for understanding to be developed. Involvement and participation are perhaps the most powerful techniques management can use to gain acceptance of change. Commitment to carry out these decisions is intensified. Personal satisfaction derived from the job is increased. The extent of personal involvement can range from merely being informed, to discussing problems and voicing opinions and feelings to actually making and implementing decision. Digicel has become one of Caribbean’s most successful telephone companies by offering communication services at low prices for individual, families and corporations. It is strong because it shapes perception better than any company in the region. Digicel’s power position relative to the key policy issues and stakeholders is one of domination. The size, wealth, and financial power of the company are impressive. It is the largest communication company in the Eastern Caribbean States. It is the largest political and social donor in the retail sector. This dominance, and the company’s finances, coupled with retaining the top lobby shops in the Region give the company an advantage. The company manages its relationship with its key stakeholders in a way that maximizes the tactical advantage of Digicel. With groups that the company perceives as hostile, such as other communication companies, complaining former employees, or even local ad hoc opposition groups, who are fighting to keep Digicel out of their community, the company uses every means available to it in order to win. Digicel has established a foundation in an effort to give back to the community where the company is based by issuing scholarships, sponsoring sports personnel and assist the less fortunate. The company applies its retail philosophy, of being the best, and winning, into its political and public affairs strategy. Using tools at its disposal, such as the top law firms, and top Public Relations firms, the company does battle in court with those who challenge it. In public, Digicel uses top of the line Public Relations strategy firms to produce commercials for its stores and to portray the best possible image. Another way the company is successful is its ability thus far to keep out of the headlines any significant negative publicity. The company has also avoided being probed by regulators for some of its aggressive retailing and competition practices. In the case of Digicel and government relations, the goal is to have a low profile, and to keep government regulators away. Its relationships with key stakeholders are maintained as well by the communication of corporate statements on its Internet site and through other paper based corporate communications. It keeps contact with the Government offices and retained political groups. The strategic and tactical advantage of Digicel when pursuing a political and public affairs strategy is the use of its financial resources and to provide handset for communications. It can buy an army of the top lobby firms, lawyers, and public relations specialists should it need to. Since the company has a history of fighting back, and winning, when it is challenged, that may be keeping larger groups away from fighting the retail giant. From a scan of recent headlines, the company does not appear to be involved in fighting any major federal legislation. Notably, Digicel is involved in numerous municipal zoning disputes across the Region. In an attempt at meeting the demands of its customers within the region, Digicel embarked on purchasing various pieces of property in which to erect transmission towers. The top issue within this venture is the question of zoning regulations and the proximity of these towers in the communities and the population on the whole. The company has been making large payouts in an attempt to keep the towers which were erected and to erect more so as to establish greater services. The company’s strategic and tactical activities are more apparent at the state and municipal levels. Mainly, the company fights legislation through the courts. Top issues are municipal zoning regulations. At the federal level, it is worth noting that Digicel gives heavily to political candidates, who happen to be generally pro business in their voting. Digicel does not generally employ a grassroots campaign strategy, as it has no established infrastructure to do this. It has over five thousand, five hundred employees. Should the company wish to tap its â€Å"associates† to become active on an issue, such as trade, for example, they would have a large base of people to draw upon. May of the She Magazine noted that Digicel sometimes stages grassroots efforts to oppose local companies who are rallying against technological advances. Digicel will send in professionals and staff from its headquarters to form business development and revitalization committees, and use these fronts to challenge the anti Digicel groups (She Magazine, 33) In terms of consistency, the company has much to improve in the way of dealing with communities and groups. The company chooses to cut costs and push the boundaries of existing regulations. Then it falls victim to lawsuits and is sued for hundreds of thousands of dollars. The company has a goal of keeping out unions. Yet, the company by its frugal employee wage compensation practice, the reliance on part-time workers, and unfair shift scheduling practice, is creating discord among its employees. These conditions foster the development of labor unions. If the company were to improve its payment and treatment of employees, perhaps it can avoid future problems and issues such as turnover. The company is well positioned to tackle any obstacle. While not maintaining a large government relations department, the company retains top lobbyists, making it ready and capable to deal with issues as needs warrant. In conclusion, Digicel is the number one retailer in the Caribbean Region and operates in many countries and is moving into new countries every year. Digicel is also expanding as a telecommunication giant. Each year, the number of people who have a stake in Digicel also grows since gives shares to the employees. Digicel has had reasons to file law suits against its competitors as injunctions were placed against them as it relates to use of similar networks within the same region. Digicel is often able to uncut many other local industries and more communication companies are shutting down when Digicel moves into town. As a result of Digicel’s ever growing size and variety of services they offer, their public affairs department is going to become more and more important. As Digicel attain sectors of the marketplace, there is going to be more regulation against them and their public affairs department is going to have to work harder to make it possible for Digicel to continue to grow. And as the animosity against Digicel becomes more widespread, here and in foreign countries, Digicel is going to have to work harder to maintain their good reputation. Digicel’s foundation will become increasingly more important for giving things back to the community. In order for Digicel to stay at the top of their game and follow the company’s strategy and achieve their key policy goals, they are going to have to deal better with their stakeholders and make sure they guard their reputation well. Bibliography Module – Managing Change in Organisations. http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/organizational-change-management-OCM http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/transformational-change.html (2008) About Digicel. Retrieved November 8, 2008 http://www.digicel.com/wps-portal/storelocator/St.Lucia- About_Digicel.jsp May Wayne. She Margazine† Into Their Business Model. Volume 3. Star Publishing Company. October 2010. Page 33. Post, J.E, Lawrence, A. T., & Weber, J. (1999). Contemporary Business Issues with Readings. Based on selected materials from the ninth edition of business and society: corporate strategy, public policy, ethics, New York, McGraw-Hill Gareth R. Jones (2004). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change: Text and Cases. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education, New Delhi. Kavita Singh (2005). Organisation Change and Development. New Delhi :Excel. 2000-2001. National Directory of Corporate Public Affairs.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Free Essays on Journal Critique

How the Act of Writing Effects a Person’s Health This study examined how the act of writing can have positive effects on a person’s health. This study published initially in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA. 1999;281:1304-1309)found that some people with chronic illness had improvements in their health after writing about life stressors. The study looked at 112 patients, in a randomized controlled trial. The patients spent an hour a day writing. When the patients were evaluated in four months, the study found that almost half had improved heath. The researchers said, "These gains were beyond those attributable to the standard medical care that all participants were receiving. It remains unknown whether these health improvements will persist beyond four months or whether this exercise will prove effective with other diseases." It seems the results of this study are skewed. The researchers want us to believe that writing is proven to help with our overall health. The actual data combining all completing patients, 33 (47.1%) of 70 experimental patients had clinically relevant improvement, whereas nine (24.3%) of 37 control patients had improvement (P=.001). This indicates that less than half of the patients actually improved. The researchers believe that the writing is effective due to the fact that there was a marked improvement in those patients that wrote as opposed to the control group. The control group had no improvement. Discussion: This study was a foundation for other studies in relation to writing and chronic illness. Statistically if we were to flip a coin relative to the same amount of patients we may come up with the same numbers. After reading this study and reading articles that referenced this study, it seems to me the data is not conclusive. Data suggests that people feel better when they are venting or when someone pays attention to them. When a person is not under dist... Free Essays on Journal Critique Free Essays on Journal Critique How the Act of Writing Effects a Person’s Health This study examined how the act of writing can have positive effects on a person’s health. This study published initially in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA. 1999;281:1304-1309)found that some people with chronic illness had improvements in their health after writing about life stressors. The study looked at 112 patients, in a randomized controlled trial. The patients spent an hour a day writing. When the patients were evaluated in four months, the study found that almost half had improved heath. The researchers said, "These gains were beyond those attributable to the standard medical care that all participants were receiving. It remains unknown whether these health improvements will persist beyond four months or whether this exercise will prove effective with other diseases." It seems the results of this study are skewed. The researchers want us to believe that writing is proven to help with our overall health. The actual data combining all completing patients, 33 (47.1%) of 70 experimental patients had clinically relevant improvement, whereas nine (24.3%) of 37 control patients had improvement (P=.001). This indicates that less than half of the patients actually improved. The researchers believe that the writing is effective due to the fact that there was a marked improvement in those patients that wrote as opposed to the control group. The control group had no improvement. Discussion: This study was a foundation for other studies in relation to writing and chronic illness. Statistically if we were to flip a coin relative to the same amount of patients we may come up with the same numbers. After reading this study and reading articles that referenced this study, it seems to me the data is not conclusive. Data suggests that people feel better when they are venting or when someone pays attention to them. When a person is not under dist...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Animal Cruelty

Animal Cruelty A little bit opinionated, but lots of info -The topic of animal cruelty is one of great importance to the wold today. Why we humans have the right reserved to treat animals as lesser individuals is beyond me. Animals are fulfilling their part in the ecosystems and communities of the earth, and to the best extent that they are able. For example, a spider is being the best possible spider that it can be, spinning webs and working diligently at what it knows best, not bothering any creatures of the earth besides the ones which it needs to capture for food. We, as humans, decided that we are a much advanced life form and can basically treat anything else in this world in ways which we cannot imagine being treated. As a result the threads holding our earth together tightly in the balance are being slowly unraveled to lead into ultimate self-destruction.Mouse in Research for Animal TestingIn 1988, 16, 989 animals died in laboratories in the United Kingdom. This was due to such tests as acu te and chronic toxicity experiments, where the animals are forced to consume substances such as perfume, make-up and other beauty products and are often literally poisoned, their systems literally overloaded by the substance in question. Another testing method is the Lethal Dose 50 percent test or LD50. In this procedure at least half of the animals must die in order for the government to figure out how much a human can ingest without dying.In one such test some animals were fed 4. lb. of lipstick and one ended up dying of intestinal obstruction. In another, 7 pints of melted eye shadow was fed to rats. In yet another, mice were wrapped in tin foil and grilled in ultraviolet light to test a sun block cream for a...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

4 Expert PSAT Calculator Tips + Approved Calculators

4 Expert PSAT Calculator Tips + Approved Calculators SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips PSAT math can be intimidating, so it would be nice to be able to have some computerized help. But can you use a calculator on the PSAT? Yes, you can, though only on the second of the two Math sections on the PSAT.But what kind of calculator can you use, and when does it make sense to use a calculator on the PSAT? Read on for the complete list of approved calculators for PSAT test day and our top tips for using your calculator effectively. Can You Use a Calculator on the PSAT? Like the SAT, the PSAT has four sections: Reading, Writing, Math (No Calculator), and Math (Calculator). The No Calculator Math section is 25 minutes long, and has 17 questions, while the Calculator section is 45 minutes long and has questions. As the name suggests, the only time during the PSAT where you can use your calculator is on thefinal Calculator mathsection. According to College Board, most questions on the Calculator Math section can be answered without using a calculator, but a calculator could be useful on some questions. Translated from the College Board's cautious official language: you absolutely should use a calculator when it’s called for to make your life easier, but don’t over-complicate questions by using a calculator when it would be quicker to solve by hand. For example, it’s faster (and presents lower chances of error) to use your calculator to multiply 34 x 174. However, it’s much faster to solve an equation like 3x + 4y = 17, 4x + 8y = 26 by hand than to use your graphing calculator to do it. Approved Calculators for PSAT Test Day The College Board allows three types of calculators on the PSAT: four-function calculators, scientific calculators, and graphing calculators. Four-function calculators are so-called because they can basically just do four things: add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Although you could theoretically use just a four-function calculator on the PSAT, it's not recommended, most likely because four-function calculators usually lack useful features like parentheses and entry lines. The only advantages of four-function calculators are that they tend to be relatively inexpensive and take up less space. But honestly, the disadvantages of not being able to see what you just entered into the calculator far outweigh the benefits. All scientific calculators are permitted for use on the PSAT. A scientific calculator has all the features of a four-function calculator plus a few other useful things. Key functions included in all scientific calculators are parentheses, pi, and trigonometric functions, as can be seen below: AJC1/Flickr Parentheses in particular are great because you can use them to make sure your calculations happen in the right order. For example, ((15 x 19) – (13/2)) /100 is a whole lot easier to enter in all at once with parentheses, instead of having to break it up into its individual parts and then re-use the parts; every extra calculation entry you do introduces the chance of more error. The final type of calculator you can bring to the PSAT is a graphing calculator. Graphing calculators are great because they will definitely have features like entry lines as well as everything a scientific calculator has. They can also be helpful in visualizing solutions to linear equations – for instance, if you want to find out where the two equations cross, you can just look at the graph to get the coordinates The only problem with graphing calculators is that their multifunctionality can trick students into using them when not using a calculator would be faster. Avoid this trap by using a graphing calculator as you take practice tests and challenging yourself to question each time you use the calculator if it’s really necessary, or if it’s taking up more time than it’s saving. Unlike with scientific calculators, not all models of graphing calculator are allowed under the PSAT calculator rules. Below is a chart of acceptable PSAT graphing calculators, sorted by brand. Casio Hewlett-Packard Radio Shack Sharp Texas Instruments Other Brands FX-6000 series HP-9G EC-4033 EL-5200 TI-73 Datexx DS-883 FX-6200 series HP-28 series EC-4034 EL-9200 series TI-80 Micronta FX-6300 series HP-38G EC-4037 EL-9300 series TI-81 Smart2 FX-6500 series HP-39 series EL-9600 series (stylus not permitted) TI-82 FX-7000 series HP-40 series EL-9900 series TI-83/TI-83 Plus FX-7300 series HP-48 series TI-83 Plus Silver FX-7400 series HP-49 series TI-84 Plus/TI-84 Plus T FX-7500 series HP-50 series TI-84 Plus CE/TI-84 Plus CE-T FX-7700 series HP Prime TI-84 Plus Silver FX-7800 series TI-84 Plus C Silver FX-8000 series TI-85 FX-8500 series TI-86 FX-8700 series TI-89 FX-8800 series TI-89 Titanium FX-9700 series TI-Nspire/TI-Nspire CX FX-9750 series TI-Nspire CAS/TI-Nspire CX CAS FX-9860 series TI-Nspire CM-C/TI-Nspire CM-C CAS CFX-9800 series TI-Nspire CX-C CAS CFX-9850 series CFX-9950 series CFX-9970 series FX 1.0 series Algebra FX 2.0 series FX-CG-10 (PRIZM) FX-CG-20 Want to improve your PSAT score by 150 points? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Avoid These PSAT Calculators Some calculators, like TI-92 Plus or Voyage 200, are banned from the PSAT because they violate College Board PSAT calculator guidelines. Most of these guidelines are common sense, like that you can’t use a calculator that makes noise or a calculator that can access the Internet. A few of the other qualifications, though, are less obvious, like the fact that you can’t use a calculator that requires an electrical outlet. If your calculator meets any of the following criteria, you cannot use it on the PSAT: It’s part of a portable/handheld computer, laptop, electronic writing pad, or pocket organizer. Shockingly, you can't use your computer while taking the PSAT. It has QWERTY (i.e., typewriter) keypads as part of hardware or software (e.g., TI-92 Plus, Voyage 200). You also can’t use any â€Å"hardware peripherals† with an otherwise approved calculator (e.g. an external keyboard or LCD screen) It has pen-input/stylus/touch-screen capability (e.g., Palm, PDAs, Casio ClassPad) It has wireless or Bluetooth capability It paper tapes It can "talk" (terrifying) or make noise It requires an electrical outlet It can access the Internet It has cell phone capability or audio/video recording capability. No using your cellphone calculator on the PSAT! It has a digital audio/video player It has a camera or scanning capability No external view screens allowed on yourPSAT calculator! (Joe Haupt/Flickr) 4 PSAT Calculator Tips Now that you know what your options are for approved calculators for PSAT testing, let's go through a few key tips to help you use your calculatoreffectively on test day. Tip 1: Bring an Approved Calculator to the Test It’s better to have a calculator you can use and end up not needing it than to need a calculator and not have one. The same thing goes for making sure it’s an approved calculator; there’s no point in bringing a calculator with you that you can’t use. Tip 2: Be Familiar With Your Calculator One of the main reasons to use a calculator is that it enhances your speed and accuracy on the test. If you’re using a calculator you’ve never used before, you’ll be slower and more prone to errors, no matter how fancy the calculator is. Avoid test-day peril by using the calculator you plan to use on the PSAT for your everyday schoolwork and homework as much as possible. That way, when PSAT time comes, you’ll be comfortable with your calculator. Tip 3: Check the Calculator's Entry Line When you’re doing calculations during the test, it can be easy to get caught up in the rush to finish the test in time and accidentally hit "8" instead of "5," or "x" instead of "-". To limit the impact of these errors on you, double check the entry line before hitting â€Å"enter† to make sure you haven’t entered in the wrong number or operation. Double-checking the entry line is particularly important if you’re not using a graphing calculator that keeps a running log of all the calculations you’ve done. Tip 4: Know When Not to Use Your Calculator Especially if you have a graphing calculator, it can seem like the easier thing to do is to let the calculator work for you. Meticulously entering in an equation into the calculator and getting it to solve it for you, however, can take way more time than just doing it by hand would. This doesn’t mean you shouldn’t use the calculator at all; rather, use it as a supplement to your skills, rather than as a replacement. Be warned,you shouldn't rely on calculator apps to do the hard work for you. PSAT proctors have the right to inspect your calculator and delete all programmed apps on there, and if you’d grown accustomed to using apps to solve problems, you’ll be in hot water. Hot water: beautiful to watch spewing from a geyser, less beautiful to be in. What’s Next? Now that you've gotten your calculator figured out, what's left to do? Only to learn what a perfect PSAT score is and how to get it, naturally. Ready to get into the details of what you'll be tested on when you take the PSAT? We discuss what's covered (and what's not) in our complete guide to the PSAT. Find out when you can take the PSAT with our up-to-date PSAT test dates article. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Downloading Music Off the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Downloading Music Off the Internet - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the Internet has become the means of generally the entire population to access information anywhere in the world without leaving the comfort of their seats. As the Internet has â€Å"exploded into an awesome resource of information ... it allows for the transfer of mass amounts of information between users ... with the mere click of a mouse†.This study highlights that  attention should be focused on the legalities or illegalities of Internet music downloading. Internet users, especially students, stand in their grounds that purchasing CDs are â€Å"too expensive† and merely a marketing deception by recording companies where the music lover can only find a couple of good songs in the entire album. There have been download reductions after the series of lawsuits filed by RIAA to peer-to-peer networks, but it is undeniable that there are still numerous options for those seeking files, music files especially, in the digital world. Other legal steps taken like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 presented by Congress have been criticized as not fully effective to eradicate this illegal act. Government, schools and media have all debated regarding this matter, and it seems that there is still no clear-cut boundaries as to which is morally acceptable or what is to be considered stealing in a gigantic digital galaxy.  The Internet, being extensive and diverse, cannot be fully controlled by both legal offices or supplier of goods as technological advancements continue to rise.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Characteristics of Public Health Summary Measures Essay

Characteristics of Public Health Summary Measures - Essay Example Additionally, it will indicate how these characteristics contribute to and improve our understanding of diseases burden in the population. One of the characteristics that I believe a public health summary measures should possess is absolute or relative change. This should be in term of health status for a given period of time. For example, if the mortality rate is 10 percent in a given location for a certain month, then in the next month it increases to 12 percent, this indicates an absolute increase infant mortality (Zack, 1993). Measures should be taken to ensure that there is a reduction in relative change in infant mortality which is a useful measure of the public health. This will reduce the cost of living since the fund that would be used to cater for infant mortality will be used in other economic growth activities and increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The second characteristic is validity, which is a measure that indicates the health status of an individual like a report of health indicating as excellent, good, and poor among others means of rating. This means a record for this validity should be kept where it reflects a change in the health status of individuals (Murray, 1994). This characteristic will be of importance since when one visit a health care then his or her status will be known and intensive care will be undertaken depending on the report. The third characteristic is that population should be sensitive to major health changes for example in the case where alcohol and tobacco taxation is increased. This means the reduction in the consumption of alcohol and tobacco in the location, will be a measure to improve the health of individuals by addressing mental health, chronic diseases among others (McKenna and Michaud, 2005).  Ã‚  

Assess the importance of Kerensky, Trotsky and Lenin in the outcome of Essay - 1

Assess the importance of Kerensky, Trotsky and Lenin in the outcome of the February and October revolutions of 1917 - Essay Example 12). In 1912, Kerensky was elected to become a member of the Fourth Duma in which he represented the Trudoviks. Kerensky was an active member in both camps of the Petrograd Soviet and the provisional government. It is worth noting that initially he was used as a bridge between the two principal bodies. During his time in the provisional government, he was the minister for justice, war, and became the prime minister later in his career (Acton, Cherniaev, & Rosenberg, 1997, p. 56). On the other hand, Lenin believed that Kerensky was not taking the Russians to the right direction and as a result, he used the Bolshevik party to engage the people in a revolution. The Russians were against the First World War and they thought that the Tsars were not fighting for their rights. When Lenin got the control of the government, he became more tyrannical than any other ruler in the history of Russia. This is despite the fact that the Russians believed that Lenin would fight for the rights of the common citizen (Kennan, 1989, p. 194). Strikes, food riots and the ensuing war made Russia ungovernable. When Lenin arrived by train from Switzerland, he was against the war and could not stomach Kerensky because he thought that he was not for reforms. Lenin mobilized the people and especially the army by promising them economic reforms and ending the war. Leon Trotsky was born by the name of Lev Davidovich Bronshtein and he initially supported Meshevik Internationalists. Prior to October Revolution, which occurred in 1917, he had joined the Bolshevik Party. He went ahead and became a prominent leader of the Bolshevik party. Despite the fact that he supported people and workers, he was later removed from power by the rise of Josef Stalin. By the time the February Revolution erupted during 1917 spring, Kerensky was among the most vocal leaders for the revolution. The fact that he was an

Thursday, October 17, 2019

International Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Bank - Essay Example With this combination of traits, F.C. will be perceived by her subordinates as highly professional and a less emotionally-attached supervisor. With the probable high-esteem perceived by these loan officers, they are being sent a clear and firm directive that this boss ‘means serious business.’ Thus, F.C.’s work characteristics will positively impact the subordinate loan officers’ behavior through the reinforcement of discipline and due diligence. To aid me in deciding which candidate is best for the position, I may require the invaluable information about the candidate’s capacity to solicit and rationalize the subordinate’s responses on the bank’s organizational approaches. This capacity is important because an understanding of the subordinates’ behavior is the primary key in formulating solutions in work problems like selling loans to low credit-worthy clients to reach or exceed the allotted quota, or lowering the set standards to accommodate all types of clients. Another criterion for judging the candidate’s suitability in the position is the capability to enforce individual accountability among the subordinate loan officers. The lack of such accountability may be the probable culprit behind the loan officers’ reckless exposure of the bank to financial risks. Moreover, the bank evidently fails or has a considerable lapse in enforcing accountability to these loan officers (else there would be no financial bath). The candidate who possesses such enforcing capacity and serves as a model of accountability has the potential to further and reinforce the bank’s risk-mitigating measures. For this particular supervisory position, personality assessment should be given as much weight as the technical qualifications. This is because technical tasks are difficult to delegate or coordinate without a healthy framework of soft skills. Moreover, decisions and actions are

Disaster communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disaster communications - Essay Example Consequently, the soviets were quick to react and sent two fighters so that they can intercept the intruding plane. After dialogues between fighter pilots and soviet control, the fighters were able to locate the Korean plane quickly and attempted to contact the pilot of the passenger plane. However, after failing to get a feedback from the pilot, one of the fighters lost patience and fired a missile to the plane, making it to plummet into the Sea of Japan, leaving 269 people dead (Grier, 2013). This is a clear illustration of how poor communication can result to severe damages such as death and destruction of equipment. The incident claimed innocent lives due to poor communication. A single action that would have prevented this occurrence was swift responding. The pilot of the Korean plane would have responded to the soviet fighters because he was aware that he was flying on unauthorized space. In the event that he had communicated adequately, the fighters would have allowed the pilot to use the Russian space. Conclusively, implementation of proper communication is possible and prevents occurrence of similar incidents in

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

International Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Bank - Essay Example With this combination of traits, F.C. will be perceived by her subordinates as highly professional and a less emotionally-attached supervisor. With the probable high-esteem perceived by these loan officers, they are being sent a clear and firm directive that this boss ‘means serious business.’ Thus, F.C.’s work characteristics will positively impact the subordinate loan officers’ behavior through the reinforcement of discipline and due diligence. To aid me in deciding which candidate is best for the position, I may require the invaluable information about the candidate’s capacity to solicit and rationalize the subordinate’s responses on the bank’s organizational approaches. This capacity is important because an understanding of the subordinates’ behavior is the primary key in formulating solutions in work problems like selling loans to low credit-worthy clients to reach or exceed the allotted quota, or lowering the set standards to accommodate all types of clients. Another criterion for judging the candidate’s suitability in the position is the capability to enforce individual accountability among the subordinate loan officers. The lack of such accountability may be the probable culprit behind the loan officers’ reckless exposure of the bank to financial risks. Moreover, the bank evidently fails or has a considerable lapse in enforcing accountability to these loan officers (else there would be no financial bath). The candidate who possesses such enforcing capacity and serves as a model of accountability has the potential to further and reinforce the bank’s risk-mitigating measures. For this particular supervisory position, personality assessment should be given as much weight as the technical qualifications. This is because technical tasks are difficult to delegate or coordinate without a healthy framework of soft skills. Moreover, decisions and actions are

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Impact of an Education on the Economy of the States Essay

Impact of an Education on the Economy of the States - Essay Example Economists measure the prosperity of a country depending on the number of the educated populace because success is dependent on the education of a state. The educated populace in a country sets the pace for development that students who are still in schools need to follow. They set standards that students should meet so that the state obtains a high-quality education. Through this, most state result to have a productive population. This is evident in countries that are economic power yet they lack natural resources like gold, copper, or oil. The educated populaces in a state act as trendsetters in developing skills and knowledge through educating the rest of the population on the importance of education. This is evident in recent days because it has seen an expansion of sectors concerned with education. The number of schools and universities has significantly increased due to the influence of the educated populace. The educated peoples act as teachers and lecturers in classes that deal with technology advances. Education is possible to contribute to technology change and capabilities in countries industry. From a study, it was clear that educational level and skills of workers relates to the rate of technical change of a firm in a positive way. It will encourage an increase in education level and prosperity of a country (Bourguignon, Elkana and Pleskovic 21). Education in many countries has paved the way for innovation in various sectors. Innovation in research, training, and different areas is inclined to improve by having good and quality education. It will persuade many people to pursue an education in many countries. Innovation in health, agriculture, and the technology sector has encouraged students to continue their ambitions to become productive people in the society driven by their interest in having a prosperous country.

Aims and Objectives for a Selected Business Essay Example for Free

Aims and Objectives for a Selected Business Essay †¢Describe what is meant by SMART objectives. An objective that follows SMART is more likely to succeed because it is clear (specific) so you know exactly what needs to be achieved. You can tell when it has been achieved (measurable) because you have a way to measure completion. A SMART objective is likely to happen because it is an event that is achievable. Before setting a SMART objective relevant factors such as resources and time were taken into account to ensure that it is realistic. Finally the timescale element provides a deadline which helps people focus on the tasks required to achieve the objective. The timescale element stops people postponing task completion. †¢Choose a business and describe its aim and 3 SMART objectives for how they can achieve their aim. TESCO: oTesco want to be able to keep their carbon emissions down by making new buildings, they also want to make their business objects which have to follow this method Specific this means that the business can make some specific objectives that the business wants to achieve, so if they want to hit a certain target of profit within a year they have to make a business plan or model to follow to achieve their goal. oMeasurable this means that if a business wants to make some money, they can measure it in a certain amount of time, so if a business can make  £1000 pound in a month, then maybe next month they could forecast making an increase of that amount by studying the business activities throughout that month. Achievable this means that a goal that the business can achieve with in a time period, so if a business wants to make  £1000 pound of profit in a month, then they could make it happen with the products that they might have to sell. oRealistic this means that a business has to make realistic goals which that they can achieve, so things like making  £1,500 pounds in a week, this is a realistic goal because it could be made depending on the sales in the that week. oTime related this means that each objective is set with in certain time, so it is like a dead line, if a business sets out to make and sell 5 computers in two weeks, then they now have time to create the product and then sell it within the time set.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Analysis The Uk Oil And Gas Industry Environmental Sciences Essay

Analysis The Uk Oil And Gas Industry Environmental Sciences Essay With this report is a PESTE Analysis of The Upstream Oil and Gas Industry in the United Kingdom. An analysis of the factors affecting the industry shows that it operates under legal, fiscal and environmental regulations where prices are determined by international organisations like the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The Upstream Oil and Gas Industry in the United Kingdom is a mature one, and after 40 years of offshore exploration, the country remains self sufficient in oil and gas. This is an important sector for the UK, supplying the majority of the countrys energy needs, and virtually all the countrys transport fuel. Economic factors that affect the industry are oil demand, price, production, investment and employment. Awareness of sustainable development and renewable energy sources is the major social factor. Technology plays a crucial role in reducing the costs of exploration and producti on of oil and gas, in addition to making the process safer and more environmental friendly. There is considerable attention being paid to the affect of oil exploration operations on the environment, and this will also determine the future of the industry. The three scenarios that can emerge for the industry mainly depend upon the oil and gas reserves left in the North Sea, the viability of their exploration and the development of alternative renewable energy sources. Introduction PESTE Analysis of the UK Upstream Oil Gas Industry What is a PESTE Analysis? PESTE shows which external factors are influencing a business or an industry, also measuring the market potential and situation. This report is to understand and assess the various determinates of the external environment that influences the UK Upstream Oil Gas Industry. The factors assessed include Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological and Ecological. Once completed this PESTE model will provide an in-depth understanding of the situational factors that affect and have the potential to affect the UK Upstream Oil Gas Industry now and in the future. Political / Legal Factors Political stability and a good law and order situation are conducive to the smooth functioning of the upstream oil industry. Wars and terrorism can prove detrimental to operations. There are also several legislations passed by individual governments and associations who affect the functioning of the industry. 2.1 Legislation The Upstream Oil Industry in the United Kingdom is well regulated. In addition to the laws and regulations governing business in general, there are several laws that pertain to the Oil Industry specifically. Petroleum Act 1998 (www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980017.htm) Hydrocarbons Licensing Directive Regulations 1995 (http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19951434_en_1.htm) Master Deed System 2003 (www.gnn.gov.uk/gnn/national.nsf) The Offshore Installations (Emergency Pollution Control) Regulations 2002 (http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2002/20021861.htm) The Offshore Chemicals Regulations 2002 (http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2002/20021355.htm) The Offshore Combustion Installations (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Regulations 2001 (http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2001/20011091.htm) The Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations 2001 (http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2001/20011754.htm) 2.2 Taxation The North Sea Tax regime has three tiers, Petroleum Revenue Tax (PRT), Corporation Tax and a Supplementary Charge of 10%. The Budget proposals for 2004 are to remove from the scope of PRT, new tariff business. 2.3 OPEC OECD The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formed in 1960 with 5 members. By the end of 1971 six other nations had joined. OPEC stabilizes prices in the international Oil markets with a view to eliminate fluctuations, by setting the production quotas in the member countries. Oil Price History Analysis. WTRG Economics In contrast, the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) was instituted to counterbalance the role of OPEC and has a membership of 30 countries. The core of original members was located in Europe and North America but has expanded to include Asia, Latin America and the former Soviet bloc. Economic Factors As in every industry, there are economic factors affecting the health of the industry. It is abundantly clear that economic growth will remain the primary driver of energy demand. 3.1 World Economic Growth Oil Demand The global economy has grown at an average rate of about 3% per year since 1970, and the expectation is that it will continue to grow at the same pace over the next two decades (Raymond, Lee R., (2003). The most important factor governing upstream activities is the demand for Oil, which continues to increase. 3.2 Oil Prices Crude oil prices behave much as any other commodity with wide price swings in times of shortage or oversupply. Currently the Brent Crude price is around $30 per barrel  and is heavily influenced by the current world oil price set by the OPEC and OECD. 3.3 Oil Production The current production rate is around 4.25 million boe per day (North Sea Oil Leopard Magazine 2003) this is expected to decline to 3.6 million boe per day by 2005. By 2010 the government has a target of 3 million boe per day, although some industry experts reckon that production will be below 2.5 million boe per day. 3.4 Employment in the Oil Industry The Oil Gas Industry in the UK, employs around 300,000 staff in exploration and production. Skill levels and multi-skill training are important issues keeping in view the technology improvements. 3.5 Financial Investment Investment in upstream infrastructure like pipelines, tankers etc. results in more exploration activity. Socio-Cultural Factors The Upstream Oil Gas Industry is indirectly affected by socio-cultural factors. 4.1 Awareness about Sustainable Development Conservationists and more recently the general public are showing concern about saving non-renewable energy sources and switching to renewable energy sources. 4.2 Health Safety at rigs The perception of the Oil Industry has always been that it is a dangerous environment to work. Since the Piper Alpha disaster there has been a more conscious effort by the HSE and Industry bodies to make it a safer place to work. With the perception now changing the UK Upstream Oil Industry is now attracting a better quality of manpower. Technological Factors New upstream technologies will increase access to economically exploitable new liquids and gas reserves and reduce exploration, development and production costs. They will also mitigate adverse environmental efforts and risks to public health and safety from exploration and production activities.  Technology and RD activities will be responsible for the development of alternative energy sources. 5.1 Improvements in Oil Exploration Production In the past 10 to 15 years research and development within Oil and Service Companies has seen the development of powerful new and advanced technologies and tools for use in exploration, reservoir evaluation and production. Some of these are:   3D, 4D, 4C Seismic Imaging. Horizontal, Directional and Multilateral Drilling. Advanced Drilling Completion and Stimulation Technologies. Logging Tools and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI). Intelligent Completion Reservoir Life Extension. New Energy Technologies in Upstream Oil Gas. The Middle East Economic Survey. 28th October 2002 5.2 Renewable Energy Technology There are a wide range of renewable energy sources available and in the process of development and use. These are Biomass, Electricity, Geothermal, Hydropower, Solar, Wind and Tidal energy. Ecological / Environmental Factors The exploration, drilling and use of oil and gas will have to be kept in check due to the detrimental effects on the world ecosystem. 6.1 Ecological Impact The ecology of the North Sea has deteriorated over 30 years of oil exploitation in spite of anti pollution regulations. Discharges of oil and chemicals have various lethal and non-lethal effects on fish, birds, molluscs, cetaceans and other mammals (The Oil Gas Industry A guide for UK Activists. Corporate Watch.) Seismic surveying, drilling and rig installation cause disturbance to seabed ecosystems. The numbers of certain varieties of fish have reduced drastically. 6.2 Climate Change The rampant use of oil and petroleum products leads to Carbon Monoxide emissions (The Oil Gas Industry A guide for UK Activists. Corporate Watch), resulting in the greenhouse effect. It has been proved that there is a rise in temperatures, which will eventually lead to the melting of icecaps, the reversing of the Gulf Stream, and eventually great changes in climate all over the world. Flooding and coastal erosion will lead to massive population migration and loss of infrastructure all over the world. Significant Issues / Trends in the UK Upstream Oil Industry 7.1 Reserves in the North Sea Basin There are 260 oil and gas fields currently under development or in production on the UKCS (248 in 2001), with remaining reserves in these developments of around 11 billion boe (Alexanders Oil Gas 2002). At the current rate of production, it will take around 10 years for the oil and gas to be exhausted. The future of the industry depends upon new finds and further development of existing fields 7.2 Viability of Exploration Initial indications from a new survey reveal the UK offshore oil and gas industry has reached a critical point in terms of its international competitiveness, with projections of investment growth not being matched by increased production volumes. New technological developments in the upstream oil field aim to improve recovery rates of existing reserves (typically only 35% of which are currently recoverable by primary and secondary recovery technologies) and also reduce relative costs. The volatility of the oil price has led to changes in the structure of the oil sector. There has been consolidation both horizontally and vertically in the traditional contracting supply chain. OPEC will continue to be a major force in setting world oil prices. Over 1998 / 1999 there was a severe reduction in oil price, but increases in the oil price since the end of 1999 have improved the cash flow for oil companies, however the recovery for the industry will depend on technology transfer and new oil finds. 7.3 Development of Alternative Energy Sources Technology has come a long way in recent years with individuals, communities and businesses recognising the benefits of switching to renewable energy. The Energy Saving Trust was set up by the UK Government after the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and is one of the UKs leading organisations investigating the development of alternative energy sources. Their goal is to achieve the sustainable, efficient use of energy and to cut carbon dioxide emissions being the key contributor to global warming. The use of alternative energy sources is one way to address this vital goal. Scenarios for the UK Upstream Oil Industry Based on the above three issues that affect the upstream oil industry in the next decade, there could be three scenarios: the optimistic, the pessimistic and the middle of the road. 8.1 Optimistic Scenario The need for affordable and clean energy will continue to increase, especially in growing economies as energy is of fundamental importance for the development of societies. The consumption of primary energy sources will increase over the next 20 year forecast and most of the increment in energy consumption will be in the form of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal). It is expected that fossil fuel prices will remain relatively low, and the cost of generating energy from renewable sources will not be competitive. The fiscal climate of the UK will encourage the long-term investment necessary to secure the development of those supplies. In the UK, PILOT a partnership of the UK Oil and Gas Industry and Government, will fulfill its vision set out for 2010. Over the next 25 years, the UK upstream industry will make 130 new discoveries and 240 new developments. Oil prices will stay at a high level and long term investment in new technology will increase productivity and find new sources of oil and gas. (About Pilot What is Pilot? Pilot. 2003) The industry will achieve a production level of 3 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in 2010 and a sustained investment level of  £ 3 billion per year. There will be a 50% increase in the value of industry-related exports by 2005 and additional revenue of  £1 billion from new businesses. There will also be a prolonged self-sufficiency in oil and gas for the UK with 100,000 more jobs than there would otherwise have been in 2010. (About Pilot What is Pilot? Pilot. 2003 8.2 Pessimistic Scenario Environmentalists and pro-conservation groups will influence all countries to maintain the delicate ecological balance of the planet by stopping the use of fossil fuels. UK government policy and programs will back alternative energy sources and the electricity generated will rise. At the regional level, the Energy Saving Trust will work with local authorities and a range of organisations to promote the implementation of alternative energy sources. The environmental programs and government policies, particularly those designed to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions will be implemented. More support and financial funding for long-term renewable options to bring viable options to the market will achieve this. The Government will exceed its committed target and will achieve a 50% renewables target by 2010. The manufacturing sector all over the world will proactively implement methods to use renewable sources of energy. In view of this, the price of oil will plummet, due to cleaner and cheaper alternatives for energy being available. The OPEC will loose control over regulating oil and the market will be competing with other sources of energy. This will reduce the investment in the upstream oil sector and the transfer of technology for exploiting oil more efficiently will slow down. Eventually, the phasing out and decommissioning of Oil rigs in the North Sea will commence earlier than expected. 8.3 Middle of the Road Scenario The production of oil and gas in the UK peaked in 1999 and will continue to decrease over the years if there are no new significant discoveries in the North Sea Basin (Analysis of the UK Oil Production. PeakOil. 22nd February 2001). In the meantime renewable energy sources will get a boost with more funding and research development efforts being committed in that direction. The new technologies being used to make oil exploration more cost effective will not be transferred effectively to the rig, due to a lack of investment and funding. The price of oil will not be high enough for a comfortable cash flow in the upstream oil industry. The OECD will govern the prices of energy, as it will increasingly become non-fossil fuel based. UK will export most of its oil to the developing countries whose infrastructure would not have been upgraded enough to use renewable sources of energy. Conclusion On analysing the PESTE factors affecting the Upstream Oil industry, it is apparent that the major issues that will impact the health and longevity of the industry are the remaining reserves in the mature North Sea Basin, the viability of exploration and the development of alternative renewable sources of energy. From my readings I feel that with the technology that is constantly being developed by the Oil companies Exploration and Production in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry in the United Kingdom will continue steadily for at least another 20 years. Even with renewable energy sources becoming increasingly more evident, oil and gas will remain the most important fuels for the next 20-30 years. References Internet 1.Industry survey reveals challenges ahead for UK offshore oil and gas. Alexanders Gas Oil Connections. 27th November 2002. 2.Analysis of the UK Oil Production. PeakOil. 22nd February 2001. 3.The Oil Gas Industry A guide for UK Activists. Corporate Watch. Raymond, Lee R., (2003) The Petroleum Industry in the 21st Century: Building on a Great Legacy. World Energy. 6 (2): 24-29 4.About Pilot What is Pilot. Pilot. 5.UKOOA Sustainability Strategy Striking a Balance. UKOOA. 2002. 6.North Sea Oil Leopard Magazine Professor Alex Kemp 7.North Sea Oil and the UK Economy. UKOOA. 8.Oil Price History Analysis. WTRG Economics. 22nd 9.Is OPEC necessary? Oil Online. 25th November 2002. 10.New Energy Technologies in Upstream Oil Gas. The Middle East Economic Survey. 28th October 2002. 11.Forces Driving the Petroleum Industry in 2000 and beyond. Energy Saving Trust Website